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Haight, J. 1994. Reverse perspective: basic elephant management or enrichment. Animal Keeper's Forum 21, 115-116. Haltenorth, T. & Diller, H. 1977. A Field Guide to the Mammals of Africa Including Madagascar. London: Collins Hart, B.L. & Hart, L.A. 1994. Fly switching by Asian elephants: tool use to control parasites. Animal Behaviour 48, 35-45. Hart, B.L., Hart, L.A., McCoy, M. & Sarath, C.R. 2001. Cognitive Behaviour in Asian elephants: use and modification of branches for fly switching. Animal Behaviour 62, 839-847. Hart, L.A., O'Connell-Rodwell, C.E. & Arnason, B.T. 2001. Exploring seismic communication mechanisms in elephants. In: Recent Research on Elephants and Rhinos: Abstracts of the International Elephant and Rhino Symposium Vienna (Ed. by H. Schwammer, T.J. Foose, M. Fouraker & D. Olson), pp. 18. Munster, Schuling Verlag. Hatt, J.M. & Liesegang, A. 2001. Nutrition of Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) in captivity - an overview and practical experience. Proceedings of the Institute for Zoo and WIldlife Research 40, 117-122. Health & Safety Executive 1998. 5 Steps to Risk Assessment. Sudbury, Suffolk: HSE Books Heine, N., Kurt, F., Pieler, E. & Weihs, W. 2001. Social roles, family units and the formation of clans in Asian elephants of the Uda Walawe National Park (Sri Lanka). In: Recent Research on Elephants and Rhinos: Abstracts of the International Elephant and Rhino Symposium Vienna (Ed. by H. Schwammer, T.J. Foose, M. Fouraker & D. Olson), pp. 18. Munster, Schuling Verlag. Hermes, R., Olson, D., Göritz, F., Brown, J.L., Schmitt, D.L., Hagan, D., Peterson, J.S., Fritsch, G. & Hildebrandt, T. 2000. Ultrasonography of the estrous cycle in female African elephants (Loxodonta africana). Zoo Biology 19, 369-382. Hildebrandt, T., Göritz, F., Fritsch, G., Rohleder, M., Schwarzenberger, F., Schwammer, H., Mohlin, F., Tropeano, A., Mitchell, T. & Hermes, R. 2000 1. New ways of the breeding management of African elephants in Schoenbrunn Zoo, Vienna. Elephant-Journal 3, 4-7. Hildebrandt, T., Göritz, F., Pratt, N.C., Brown, J.L., Montali, R.J., Schmitt, D., Fritsch, G. & Hermes, R. 2000. Ultrasonography of the urogenital tract in Elephants (Loxodonta africana and Elephas maximus)): an important tool for assessing female reproductive function. Zoo Biology 19, 321-332. Hildebrandt, T., Göritz, F., Pratt, N.C., Schmitt, D., Quandt, S., Raath, J. & Hopkins, D.T. 1998. Reproductive assessment of male elephants (Loxodonta africana and Elephas maximus) by ultrasonography. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 29, 114-128. 144
Hildebrandt, T., Göritz, F., Schnorrenbery, A., Hermes, R., Schmitt, D., Hagan, D., Peterson, J.S., Brown, J.L., Loskutoff, N., Pratt, N.C., Lehnhardt, J., Miller, G. & Olson, D. 1999. Successful artificial insemination of African nulliparous elephants at the Indianapolis Zoo. Verh. ber. Erkrg. Zootiere 39, 41-45. Hildebrandt, T., Göritz, F., Stetter, M.D., Hermes, R. & Hofmann, R.R. 1998. Applications of sonography in vertebrates. Zoology 101, 200-209. Hildebrandt, T., Hermes, R., Jewgenow, K. & Göritz, F. 2000. Ultrasonography as an important tool for the development and application of reproductive technologies in non-domestic species. Life Science 53, 74-84. Hildebrandt, T., Hermes, R., Pratt, N.C., Brown, J.L., Schwammer, H., Schmitt, D.L., Jewgenow, K., Olson, D., Lehnhardt, J. & Göritz, F. 2001. Results of artificial insemination programmes in Asian and African elephants kept under different management systems. In: Recent Research on Elephants and Rhinos: Abstracts of the International Elephant and Rhino Symposium Vienna (Ed. by H. Schwammer, T.J. Foose, M. Fouraker & D. Olson), pp. 19. Munster, Schuling Verlag. Hildebrandt, T., Hermes, R., Pratt, N.C., Fritsch, G., Blotter, S., Schmitt, D., Ratanakorn, P., Brown, J.L., Rietschel, W. & Göritz, F. 2000. Ultrasonography of the urogenital tract in Elephants (Loxodonta africana and Elephas maximus): an important tool for assessing male reproductive function. Zoo Biology 19, 333- 345. Hildebrandt, T., Strike, T., Falch, E., Sambrook, L., Dodds, J., Lindsey, N., Göritz, F., Hermes, R. & McHowan, M. 2003. Foetotomy in the Elephant. Proceedings American Association Zoo Veterinarians, Minneapolis November, 3. Hile, M.E., Hintz, H.F. & Erb, H.N. 1997. Predicting body weight from body measurements in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 28, 424-427. Hillman Smith, A.K. 1992. The elephant domestication centre of Africa. In: Elephants (Ed. by J. Shoshani), pp. 152-154. London, Simon & Schuster. Hoare, R. 2000. African elephants and humans in conflict: the outlook for co-existence. Oryx 34, 34-38. Hodges J.K. 1998. Endocrinology of the ovarian cycle and pregnancy in the Asian (Elephas maximus) and African (Loxodonta africana) elephant. Animal Reproduction Science 53, 3-18. Hodges, J.K., McNeilly, A.S. & Hess, D.L. 1987. Circulating hormones during pregnancy in the Asian and African elephants Elephas maximus and Loxodonta africana: a diagnostic test based on the measurement of prolactin. International Zoo Yearbook 26, 285-289. 145
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Managment Guidelines for the Welfar
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MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR THE WELFA
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Table of Contents Management Guidel
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SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 The Pur
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5. Elephants are large and intellig
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Section 2: BIOLOGY AND FIELD DATA A
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The woolly mammoth (M. primigenius)
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jaw but no more than two teeth are
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Features of the elephant’s reprod
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Fig. 2. Map showing current and for
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Table IV. AFRICAN ELEPHANT NUMBERS
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populations using this method; the
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obtained from the wildlife resource
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and bots. For a comprehensive list
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condition and increase the likeliho
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animals in Sri Lanka as well as dir
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COMMUNICATION Elephants, being larg
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Section 3: MANAGEMENT IN CAPTIVITY
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to North America in 1796 and the fi
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and a lack of foraging opportunitie
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protected contact until a full revi
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enrichment and access to food (see
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Adequate food storage areas MUST be
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Fig 7a. Example of a good outside a
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Most facilities in the British Isle
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Table V. SUMMARY OF DIET COMPOSITIO
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prevent obesity and associated heal
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than the average zinc content of th
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RECOMMENDATIONS Based on (Ullrey et
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Stereotypies may be a mechanism whe
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� Control/predictability. Ideally
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Fig. 8b A waterfall in an enriched
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institutions MUST exchange keepers
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Reproductive Biology Department at
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eadily available and the results ta
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• Ultrasound examination and iden
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within an individual, thus a partic
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130 kg, the last having a survival
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The goal should be to give cows exp
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i r t h s 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Fig. 1
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Mason report are never used. Method
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incidents as appropriate. To facili
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einforcer. Classical conditioning t
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process. More than one handler may
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1 Must added • An opportunity to
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c MANAGEMENT d Fig. 11. Elephants i
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or operant conditioning. Only posit
Page 95 and 96: • In FC positive and negative rei
Page 97 and 98: the ERD, it should be used daily an
Page 99 and 100: Training captive born elephants Whe
Page 101 and 102: processed, written out and implemen
Page 103 and 104: There are some acceptable justifica
Page 105 and 106: 3.12 Standard Operating Procedure:
Page 107 and 108: Fig. 13. Three sizes of ankus, show
Page 109 and 110: Storage: when not carried by an aut
Page 111 and 112: • Current equipment should be ass
Page 113 and 114: Firearms When elephants are being m
Page 115 and 116: • Alpha-2-agonists � Xylazine i
Page 117 and 118: Pre-shipment Screening Prior to tra
Page 119 and 120: observation for an hour after vacci
Page 121 and 122: Clostridial enterotoxaemia, see und
Page 123 and 124: measure of improvement in early cas
Page 125 and 126: metritis have all been described (M
Page 127 and 128: Fractures and longitudinal splits.
Page 129 and 130: management in zoos, their conservat
Page 131 and 132: After 1 the publication of the firs
Page 133 and 134: Some of the more unfortunate events
Page 135 and 136: � Is a further SOP required? �
Page 137 and 138: Broughton of HSE and Robert Landrid
Page 139 and 140: Barina, A., Reidl, M., Schmid, L.,
Page 141 and 142: Carlstead, K. & Kleiman, D. 1998. B
Page 143 and 144: Dineley, J. 1984. Operant condition
Page 145: Fraser, D., Phillips, P.A. & Thomps
Page 149 and 150: Khyne U Mar 2001. The studbook of t
Page 151 and 152: Leong, K.M., Burks, K., Rizkalla, C
Page 153 and 154: Moss, C. & Poole, J.H. 1983. Relati
Page 155 and 156: Olson, D. & Wiese, R.J. 2000. State
Page 157 and 158: Rasmussen, L.E. & Schulte, B.A. 199
Page 159 and 160: Schmid, J. 1995. Keeping circus ele
Page 161 and 162: Stewart, D.R., Stabenfeldt, G.H. &
Page 163 and 164: Wallace, C., Ingram, K. & Dierenfel
Page 165 and 166: Section 6: Appendices 6.1 Appendix
Page 167 and 168: Trunk (up) - curl trunk up to touch
Page 169 and 170: 6.1.2 Appendix 1.1: Calf Training 1
Page 171 and 172: this time be used to the sight and
Page 173 and 174: These commands allow routine good h
Page 175 and 176: 6.2 Appendix 2: Correct Application
Page 177 and 178: 6.3 Appendix 3: Risk Assessments 1
Page 179 and 180: 6.4 Appendix 4: Elephant Profiles 6
Page 181 and 182: 6.5 Appendix 5: Staff training 1 A
Page 183 and 184: March 2003 Example from Woburn Safa
Page 185 and 186: (a.) Please indicate (tick) the typ
Page 187 and 188: 6.6.2 Table of results of nutrition
Page 189 and 190: 6.6.3 Table List of plant species u
Page 191 and 192: Vitamin E conversion factors Vitami
Page 193 and 194: Table 2. Doses for individual suppl
Page 195 and 196: uilding a new enclosure that will b
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exception of one female Asian that
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non-Fed members) that do not operat
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4 3 2 1 0 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000
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Three calves out of 17 live births
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Females - Only one collection that
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ELEPHANT TAG SURVEY (Please continu
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23 Are enrichments assessed in any
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etc? 8 How often has general anaest
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FEMALE ELEPHANT Please photocopy as
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213
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ody weight of dams, the age at whic
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Intra-specific aggression: incidenc
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