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Brockett, R.C., Stoinski, T.S., Black, J., Markowitz, T. & Maple, T.L. 1999. Nocturnal behavior in a group of unchained female African elephants. Zoo Biology 18, 101-109. Broom, D.M. 1996. Animal welfare defined in terms of attempts to cope with the environment. Acta Agricultura Scandinavia, Section A, Animal Science Supplement. Broughton-Pipkin, F., Hull, D. & Stephenson, T. London. Fetal physiology. In: Marshall's Physiology of Reproduction (Fourth Edition) (Ed. by G.E. Lamming.), pp. 766-861. Chapman & Hall. Broughton-Pipkin, F., Rossdale, P.D. & Frauenfelder. F 1982. Changes in the reninangiotensin system of the mare and foal at parturition. In: Equine Reproducation III (Ed. by I.W. Rowlands, W.R. Allen & P.D. Rossdale), pp. 556-561. Spottiswoode Ballantyne :td. London, Journal of Reproduction and Fertility (Supplement Vol. 32). Brown, I.R.F. & White, P.T. 1980. Minireview - elephant blood haematology and chemistry. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 65B, 1-12. Brown, J.L., Hildebrandt, T., Theison, W. & Neiffer, D.L. 1999. Endocrine and ultrasound evaluation of a non-cycling African elephants: identification of an ovarian follicular cyst. Zoo Biology 18, 223-232. Brown, J.L., Schmitt, D.L., Bellem, A., Graham, L.H. & Lehnhardt, J. 1999. Hormone secretion in the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus): characterization of ovulatory and anovulatory luteinizing hormone surges. Biology of Reproduction 61, 1294--1299. Brown, J.L. 2000. Reproductive endocrine monitoring of elephants: an essential tool for assisting captive management. Zoo Biology 19, 347-367. Brown, J.L., Göritz, F., Pratt, N.C., Hermes, R., Galloway, M. & Graham, L.H. 2004. Successful artificial inseminationof an Asian elephant at the National Zoological Park. Zoo Biology 23, 45-63. Caldwell, K. 1927. Elephant domestication in the Belhian Congo. Journal Society for Preservation of Fauna of the Empire New Series Part 7, 71-82. Caras, R. 1995. A view from the ASPCA. In: Ethics on the Ark (Ed. by B.G. Norton, M. Hutchins, E. Stevens & T.L. Maple), pp. 297-299. Washington, DC, Smithsonian Institution Press. Carlstead, K. 1999. Methods of Behavioural Assessment: Constructing Behavioural Profiles for Zoo Animals. Portland, Oregon: AZA and Oregon Zoo, Metro Regional Services Carlstead, K., Fraser, J., Bennett, C. & Kleiman, D. 1999. Black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) in U.S. zoos: II. behavior, breeding success, and mortality in relation to housing facilities. Zoo Biology 18, 35-52. 138
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Managment Guidelines for the Welfar
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MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR THE WELFA
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Table of Contents Management Guidel
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SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 The Pur
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5. Elephants are large and intellig
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Section 2: BIOLOGY AND FIELD DATA A
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The woolly mammoth (M. primigenius)
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jaw but no more than two teeth are
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Features of the elephant’s reprod
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Fig. 2. Map showing current and for
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Table IV. AFRICAN ELEPHANT NUMBERS
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populations using this method; the
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obtained from the wildlife resource
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and bots. For a comprehensive list
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condition and increase the likeliho
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animals in Sri Lanka as well as dir
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COMMUNICATION Elephants, being larg
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Section 3: MANAGEMENT IN CAPTIVITY
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to North America in 1796 and the fi
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and a lack of foraging opportunitie
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protected contact until a full revi
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enrichment and access to food (see
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Adequate food storage areas MUST be
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Fig 7a. Example of a good outside a
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Most facilities in the British Isle
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Table V. SUMMARY OF DIET COMPOSITIO
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prevent obesity and associated heal
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than the average zinc content of th
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RECOMMENDATIONS Based on (Ullrey et
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Stereotypies may be a mechanism whe
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� Control/predictability. Ideally
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Fig. 8b A waterfall in an enriched
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institutions MUST exchange keepers
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Reproductive Biology Department at
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eadily available and the results ta
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• Ultrasound examination and iden
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within an individual, thus a partic
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130 kg, the last having a survival
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The goal should be to give cows exp
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i r t h s 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Fig. 1
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Mason report are never used. Method
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incidents as appropriate. To facili
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einforcer. Classical conditioning t
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process. More than one handler may
Page 89 and 90: 1 Must added • An opportunity to
Page 91 and 92: c MANAGEMENT d Fig. 11. Elephants i
Page 93 and 94: or operant conditioning. Only posit
Page 95 and 96: • In FC positive and negative rei
Page 97 and 98: the ERD, it should be used daily an
Page 99 and 100: Training captive born elephants Whe
Page 101 and 102: processed, written out and implemen
Page 103 and 104: There are some acceptable justifica
Page 105 and 106: 3.12 Standard Operating Procedure:
Page 107 and 108: Fig. 13. Three sizes of ankus, show
Page 109 and 110: Storage: when not carried by an aut
Page 111 and 112: • Current equipment should be ass
Page 113 and 114: Firearms When elephants are being m
Page 115 and 116: • Alpha-2-agonists � Xylazine i
Page 117 and 118: Pre-shipment Screening Prior to tra
Page 119 and 120: observation for an hour after vacci
Page 121 and 122: Clostridial enterotoxaemia, see und
Page 123 and 124: measure of improvement in early cas
Page 125 and 126: metritis have all been described (M
Page 127 and 128: Fractures and longitudinal splits.
Page 129 and 130: management in zoos, their conservat
Page 131 and 132: After 1 the publication of the firs
Page 133 and 134: Some of the more unfortunate events
Page 135 and 136: � Is a further SOP required? �
Page 137 and 138: Broughton of HSE and Robert Landrid
Page 139: Barina, A., Reidl, M., Schmid, L.,
Page 143 and 144: Dineley, J. 1984. Operant condition
Page 145 and 146: Fraser, D., Phillips, P.A. & Thomps
Page 147 and 148: Hildebrandt, T., Göritz, F., Schno
Page 149 and 150: Khyne U Mar 2001. The studbook of t
Page 151 and 152: Leong, K.M., Burks, K., Rizkalla, C
Page 153 and 154: Moss, C. & Poole, J.H. 1983. Relati
Page 155 and 156: Olson, D. & Wiese, R.J. 2000. State
Page 157 and 158: Rasmussen, L.E. & Schulte, B.A. 199
Page 159 and 160: Schmid, J. 1995. Keeping circus ele
Page 161 and 162: Stewart, D.R., Stabenfeldt, G.H. &
Page 163 and 164: Wallace, C., Ingram, K. & Dierenfel
Page 165 and 166: Section 6: Appendices 6.1 Appendix
Page 167 and 168: Trunk (up) - curl trunk up to touch
Page 169 and 170: 6.1.2 Appendix 1.1: Calf Training 1
Page 171 and 172: this time be used to the sight and
Page 173 and 174: These commands allow routine good h
Page 175 and 176: 6.2 Appendix 2: Correct Application
Page 177 and 178: 6.3 Appendix 3: Risk Assessments 1
Page 179 and 180: 6.4 Appendix 4: Elephant Profiles 6
Page 181 and 182: 6.5 Appendix 5: Staff training 1 A
Page 183 and 184: March 2003 Example from Woburn Safa
Page 185 and 186: (a.) Please indicate (tick) the typ
Page 187 and 188: 6.6.2 Table of results of nutrition
Page 189 and 190: 6.6.3 Table List of plant species u
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Vitamin E conversion factors Vitami
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Table 2. Doses for individual suppl
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uilding a new enclosure that will b
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exception of one female Asian that
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non-Fed members) that do not operat
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4 3 2 1 0 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000
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Three calves out of 17 live births
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Females - Only one collection that
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ELEPHANT TAG SURVEY (Please continu
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23 Are enrichments assessed in any
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etc? 8 How often has general anaest
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FEMALE ELEPHANT Please photocopy as
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213
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ody weight of dams, the age at whic
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Intra-specific aggression: incidenc
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