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Dastig, B. 2002. Births and reproduction rate in a herd of captive Asian elephants in the Pinnawela elephant orphanage (Sri Lanka). In: A Research Update on Elephants and Rhinos. Proceedings of the International Elephant and Rhino Symposium Vienna, June 7-11, 2001 (Ed. by H. Schwammer, T.J. Foose, M. Fouraker & D. Olson), pp. 19-23. Munster, Schuling Verlag. Davies, G. 2002. Oxford: Earthwatch. Dawkins, M.S. 1980. Animal Suffering. London: Chapman & Hall Day, M. 2000. Jumbo Discovery. New Scientist 166, 15. De Leon, V. 1981. Zoo elephants in general. Animal Keeper's Forum 8, 306-307. de Regt, A.C., Nijboer, J. & Bleijenberg, M.C.K. 1998. Diet Inventory European Asian Elephant (Elephas Maximus) . Rotterdam, Netherlands: Report for EEKMA Deleu, R., Veenhuizen, R. & Nellissen, M. 2003. Evaluation of the mixed-species exhibit of African elephants and hamadryas baboons in safari Beekse Bergen, the Netherlands. Primate Report 65, 5-17. Desai, A. & Johnsingh, A.J.T. 1995. Social organization and reproductive strategy of the male Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) . In: A Week With Elephants (Ed. by J.C. Daniel & H.S. Datye), pp. 532. Bombay, Bombay Natural History Society. Desmond, T. & Laule, G. 1991. Protected-contact elephant training. In: American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquaria Annual Conference Proceedings, pp. 606-613. Wheeling, W.Va., AZA. Desmond, T. & Laule, G. 1993. The politics of protected contact. In: American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquaria Annual Conference Proceedings, pp. 12-18. Wheeling, W.Va., AZA. DETR (DEFRA) 2000. Secretary of State's Standards of Modern Zoo Practice. London: DETR (DEFRA) Dickerman, R.D. & Zachariah, N.W. 1997. Neuroendocrine-associated behavioural patterns in the male Asian elephant (Elephas maximus). Physiology and Behaviour 61, 771-773. Dierenfeld, E.S. 1989. Vitamin E deficiency in zoo reptiles, birds and ungulates. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 20, 3-11. Dierenfeld, E.S. 1994. Nutrition and feeding. In: Medical Management of the Elephant (Ed. by S. Mikota, E.L. Sargent & G.S. Ranglack), pp. 69-79. West Bloomfield, Michigan, Indira Publishing. Dierenfeld, E.S. 1999. Vitamin E: metabolism, sources, unique problems in zoo animals and supplementation. In: Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine (Ed. by M.E. Fowler & E. Miller), pp. 7983. 4th edn.Philadelphia, W.B. Saunders Company. Dierenfeld, E.S. & Dolensek, E.P. 1988. Circulating levels of vitamin E in captive Asian Elephants. Zoo Biology 7, 165-172. 140
Dineley, J. 1984. Operant conditioning: a tool in zoo animal training and husbandry. Ratel 11, 3-7. Dineley, J. 1990. Basic techniques in modern animal training. Ratel 17, 164-168. Dobson, A. & Poole, J.H. 1998. Conspecific aggregation and conservation biology. In: Behavioral Ecology and Conservation Biology (Ed. by T. Caro), pp. 193-208. NewYork, Oxford University Press. Dorresteyn, T. & Terkel, A. 2000. Captive elephant breeding: what we should do. In: EEP Yearbook 1998/99 Including Proceeding of the 1999 EAZA Conference, Basel (Ed. by F. Rietkerk, B. Hiddinga, K. Brouwer & S. Smits), pp. 482-483. Amsterdam, EAZA Executive Office. Dorresteyn, T. & Terkel, A. 2000. Forward planning and EEP management for elephants in EAZA collections. In: EEP Yearbook 1998/99 Including Proceeding of the 1999 EAZA Conference, Basel (Ed. by F. Rietkerk, B. Hiddinga, K. Brouwer & S. Smits), pp. 480-481. Amsterdam, EAZA Executive Office. Douglas-Hamilton, I. 1987. African elephants: population trends and their causes. Oryx 21, 11-24. Douglas-Hamilton, I. & Douglas-Hamilton, O. 1975. Among the Elephants. London: Book Club Associates Doyle, C. 1993. Protected/confined contact as a supplement in a free contact system. In: American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquaria Annual Conference Proceedings, pp. 19-21. Wheeling, W.Va., AZA. Doyle, C., York, B. & Whiteley, A. 2000. A survey of Asian elephant birth from 1962- 1998. Journal of Elephant Managers Association 10, 146-148. Duer, C., Cardenb, M., Schmitta, D. & Tomasia, T. 2002. Utility of maternal serum total testoseterone analysis for fetal gender determination in Asian elephants (Elephus maximus). Animal Reproduction Science 69, 47-52. Dunham, K.M. 1988. Demographic changes in the Zambezi Valley elephants (Loxodonta africana). Journal of Zoology, London 215, 382-388. Ehlers, B., Burkhardt, S., Golz, M., Bergmann, V., Ochs, A., Weiler, H. & Hentschke, J. 2001. Genetic and ultrastructural characterization of a European isolate of the fatal endotheliotropic elephant herpesvirus. Journal of General Virology 82, 475-482. Eisenberg, J.L. 1981. The Mammalian Radiations: An Analysis of Trends in Evolution, Adaptation and Behaviour. London: Athlone Press Eisenberg, J.L. & Lockhart, M. 1972. An ecological reconnaissance of Wilpattu National Park, Ceylon. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 101, 1-118. Eltringham, S.K. 1982. Elephants. Poole, Dorset: Blandford Press, Blandford Mammal Series 141
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Managment Guidelines for the Welfar
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MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR THE WELFA
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Table of Contents Management Guidel
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SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 The Pur
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5. Elephants are large and intellig
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Section 2: BIOLOGY AND FIELD DATA A
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The woolly mammoth (M. primigenius)
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jaw but no more than two teeth are
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Features of the elephant’s reprod
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Fig. 2. Map showing current and for
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Table IV. AFRICAN ELEPHANT NUMBERS
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populations using this method; the
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obtained from the wildlife resource
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and bots. For a comprehensive list
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condition and increase the likeliho
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animals in Sri Lanka as well as dir
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COMMUNICATION Elephants, being larg
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Section 3: MANAGEMENT IN CAPTIVITY
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to North America in 1796 and the fi
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and a lack of foraging opportunitie
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protected contact until a full revi
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enrichment and access to food (see
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Adequate food storage areas MUST be
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Fig 7a. Example of a good outside a
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Most facilities in the British Isle
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Table V. SUMMARY OF DIET COMPOSITIO
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prevent obesity and associated heal
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than the average zinc content of th
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RECOMMENDATIONS Based on (Ullrey et
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Stereotypies may be a mechanism whe
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� Control/predictability. Ideally
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Fig. 8b A waterfall in an enriched
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institutions MUST exchange keepers
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Reproductive Biology Department at
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eadily available and the results ta
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• Ultrasound examination and iden
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within an individual, thus a partic
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130 kg, the last having a survival
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The goal should be to give cows exp
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i r t h s 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Fig. 1
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Mason report are never used. Method
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incidents as appropriate. To facili
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einforcer. Classical conditioning t
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process. More than one handler may
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1 Must added • An opportunity to
Page 91 and 92: c MANAGEMENT d Fig. 11. Elephants i
Page 93 and 94: or operant conditioning. Only posit
Page 95 and 96: • In FC positive and negative rei
Page 97 and 98: the ERD, it should be used daily an
Page 99 and 100: Training captive born elephants Whe
Page 101 and 102: processed, written out and implemen
Page 103 and 104: There are some acceptable justifica
Page 105 and 106: 3.12 Standard Operating Procedure:
Page 107 and 108: Fig. 13. Three sizes of ankus, show
Page 109 and 110: Storage: when not carried by an aut
Page 111 and 112: • Current equipment should be ass
Page 113 and 114: Firearms When elephants are being m
Page 115 and 116: • Alpha-2-agonists � Xylazine i
Page 117 and 118: Pre-shipment Screening Prior to tra
Page 119 and 120: observation for an hour after vacci
Page 121 and 122: Clostridial enterotoxaemia, see und
Page 123 and 124: measure of improvement in early cas
Page 125 and 126: metritis have all been described (M
Page 127 and 128: Fractures and longitudinal splits.
Page 129 and 130: management in zoos, their conservat
Page 131 and 132: After 1 the publication of the firs
Page 133 and 134: Some of the more unfortunate events
Page 135 and 136: � Is a further SOP required? �
Page 137 and 138: Broughton of HSE and Robert Landrid
Page 139 and 140: Barina, A., Reidl, M., Schmid, L.,
Page 141: Carlstead, K. & Kleiman, D. 1998. B
Page 145 and 146: Fraser, D., Phillips, P.A. & Thomps
Page 147 and 148: Hildebrandt, T., Göritz, F., Schno
Page 149 and 150: Khyne U Mar 2001. The studbook of t
Page 151 and 152: Leong, K.M., Burks, K., Rizkalla, C
Page 153 and 154: Moss, C. & Poole, J.H. 1983. Relati
Page 155 and 156: Olson, D. & Wiese, R.J. 2000. State
Page 157 and 158: Rasmussen, L.E. & Schulte, B.A. 199
Page 159 and 160: Schmid, J. 1995. Keeping circus ele
Page 161 and 162: Stewart, D.R., Stabenfeldt, G.H. &
Page 163 and 164: Wallace, C., Ingram, K. & Dierenfel
Page 165 and 166: Section 6: Appendices 6.1 Appendix
Page 167 and 168: Trunk (up) - curl trunk up to touch
Page 169 and 170: 6.1.2 Appendix 1.1: Calf Training 1
Page 171 and 172: this time be used to the sight and
Page 173 and 174: These commands allow routine good h
Page 175 and 176: 6.2 Appendix 2: Correct Application
Page 177 and 178: 6.3 Appendix 3: Risk Assessments 1
Page 179 and 180: 6.4 Appendix 4: Elephant Profiles 6
Page 181 and 182: 6.5 Appendix 5: Staff training 1 A
Page 183 and 184: March 2003 Example from Woburn Safa
Page 185 and 186: (a.) Please indicate (tick) the typ
Page 187 and 188: 6.6.2 Table of results of nutrition
Page 189 and 190: 6.6.3 Table List of plant species u
Page 191 and 192: Vitamin E conversion factors Vitami
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Table 2. Doses for individual suppl
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uilding a new enclosure that will b
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exception of one female Asian that
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non-Fed members) that do not operat
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4 3 2 1 0 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000
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Three calves out of 17 live births
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Females - Only one collection that
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ELEPHANT TAG SURVEY (Please continu
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23 Are enrichments assessed in any
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etc? 8 How often has general anaest
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FEMALE ELEPHANT Please photocopy as
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213
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ody weight of dams, the age at whic
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Intra-specific aggression: incidenc
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