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Kurt, F. & Hartl, G.B. 1995. Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) in captivity - a challenge for zoo biological research. In: Research and Captive Propagation (Ed. by U. Ganslosser, Hodges J.K. & W. Kaumanns) Furth, Germany, Filander Verlag. Kurt, F. & Khyne U Mar 1996. Neonate mortality in captive Asian elephants. Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde 61, 155-164. Kurt, F. & Kumarasinghe 1998. Remarks on body growth and phenotypes in Asian elephants Elephas maximus. Acta Theriologica Suppl. 5, 135-153. Kurt, F. & Nettasinghe, A.P.W. 1968. Estimation of body weight of the Ceylon elephant (Elephas maximus). Ceylon Veterinary Journal 16, 24-26. Lair, R.C. 1998. Gone Astray: The Care and Management of the Asian Elephatn in Domesticity. Bangkok: Dharmasarn Co. Langbauer, W.R., Jr. 2000. Elephant Communication. Zoo Biology 19, 425-445. Langbauer, W.R., Jr., Payne, K.B., Charif, R.A., Rapaport, L. & Osborn, F.V. 1991. African elephants respond to distant playbacks of low-frequency conspecific calls. Journal of Experimental Biology 157, 35-46. Laule, G. 1992. Addressing psychological well-being: training as enrichment. In: American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquaria Annual Conference Proceedings, pp. 415-422. Wheeling, W.Va., AZA. Laule, G. & Desmond, T. 1998. Positive reinforcement training as an enrichment strategy. In: Second Nature: Environmental Enrichment for Captive Animals (Ed. by D. Shepherdson, J. Mellen & M. Hutchins), pp. 302-313. Washington, DC, Smithsonian Institution Press. Law, G. & Kitchener, A. 2002. Simple enrichment techniques for bears, bats and elephants-untried and untested. International Zoo News 49, 4-12. Laws, R.M. & Parker, S.C. 1968. Recent studies on elephant populations in east Africa. In: Comparative Nutrition of Wild Animals (Ed. by M.A. Crawford) London, Academic Press. Leach, M. 1998. Environmental enrichment of elephants - a practical approach. In: Guidelines for Environmental Enrichment (Ed. by D. Field), pp. 149-166. Bristol, Top Copy. Lee, P.C. 1987. Allomothering among African elephants. Animal Behaviour 35, 278-291. Lee, P.C. 1991. Reproduction. In: The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Elephants (Ed. by S.K. Eltringham), pp. 64-77. London, Salamander Books Ltd. Lee, P.C. 1991. Social life. In: The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Elephants (Ed. by S.K. Eltringham), pp. 50-63. London, Salamander Books Ltd. Lehnhardt, J. 1991. Elephant handling: a problem of risk management and resource allocation. In: American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquaria Annual Conference Proceedings, pp. 569-575. Wheeling, W.Va., AZA. 148
Leong, K.M., Burks, K., Rizkalla, C.E. & Savage, A. 2005. Behavioral indices of estrus in a group of captive African elephants (Loxodonta africana). Zoo Biology 24, 331347. Liggins, G.C. & Thorburn, G.D. London. Initiation of parturition. In: Marshall's Physiology of Reproduction (Fourth Edition) (Ed. by G.E. Lamming.), pp. 866- 900. Chapman & Hall. Maddox, S. 1992. Bull elephant management: a safe alternative. In: American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquaria Regional Conference Proceedings, pp. 376-384. Wheeling, W.Va., AZA. MAFF 1986. MAFF Standing Committee on Tables of Feed Composition. Marlow, Bucks: Chalcombe Publications Mahasavangkul, S. 2001. Domestic elephant status and management in Thailand. In: Recent Research on Elephants and Rhinos: Abstracts of the International Elephant and Rhino Symposium Vienna (Ed. by H. Schwammer, T.J. Foose, M. Fouraker & D. Olson), pp. 23. Munster, Schuling Verlag. Mainka, S., Cooper, R.M., Black, S.R. & Dierenfeld, E.S. 1994. Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) milk composition during the first 220 days of lactation. Zoo Biology 13, 389-393. Marchant, J. 2001. Rumble in the jungle. New Scientist 171, 28-31. Martin, E.B. 2000. The present-day Egyptian ivory trade. Oryx 34, 101-108. Martin, R.D. & MacLarnon, A.M. 1985. Gestation period, neonatal size and maternal investment in placental mammals. Nature 313, 220-223. Martin, R.D. & MacLarnon, A.M. 1988. Comparative quantitative stufies of growth and reproduction. Symposium of the Zoological Society of London 60, 39-80. Mason, G. 1991. Stereotypies: a critical review. Animal Behaviour 41, 1015-1037. Mason, G. 1993. Forms of stereotypic behaviour. In: Sterotypic Animal Behaviour (Ed. by A.B. Lawrence & J. Rushden), pp. 7-40. Oxford, England, CAB International. Mason, G. & Mendl, M. 1993. Why is there no simple way of measuring animal welfare. Animal Welfare 2, 301-319. McComb, K., Moss, C., Sayialel, S. & Baker, L. 2000. Unusually extensive networks of vocal recognition in African elephants. Animal Behaviour 59, 1103-1109. McComb, K., Moss, C.J., Durant, S.M., Baker, L. & Sayialel, S. 2001. Matriarchs as repositories of social knowledge in African elephants. Science 292, 491-494. McFarland, D. 1981. The Oxford Companion to Animal Behaviour. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. McKay, G.M. 1973. Behaviour and ecology of the Asiatic elephant in southeastern Ceylon. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 125. 149
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Managment Guidelines for the Welfar
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MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR THE WELFA
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Table of Contents Management Guidel
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SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 The Pur
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5. Elephants are large and intellig
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Section 2: BIOLOGY AND FIELD DATA A
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The woolly mammoth (M. primigenius)
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jaw but no more than two teeth are
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Features of the elephant’s reprod
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Fig. 2. Map showing current and for
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Table IV. AFRICAN ELEPHANT NUMBERS
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populations using this method; the
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obtained from the wildlife resource
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and bots. For a comprehensive list
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condition and increase the likeliho
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animals in Sri Lanka as well as dir
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COMMUNICATION Elephants, being larg
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Section 3: MANAGEMENT IN CAPTIVITY
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to North America in 1796 and the fi
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and a lack of foraging opportunitie
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protected contact until a full revi
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enrichment and access to food (see
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Adequate food storage areas MUST be
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Fig 7a. Example of a good outside a
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Most facilities in the British Isle
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Table V. SUMMARY OF DIET COMPOSITIO
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prevent obesity and associated heal
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than the average zinc content of th
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RECOMMENDATIONS Based on (Ullrey et
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Stereotypies may be a mechanism whe
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� Control/predictability. Ideally
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Fig. 8b A waterfall in an enriched
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institutions MUST exchange keepers
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Reproductive Biology Department at
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eadily available and the results ta
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• Ultrasound examination and iden
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within an individual, thus a partic
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130 kg, the last having a survival
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The goal should be to give cows exp
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i r t h s 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Fig. 1
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Mason report are never used. Method
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incidents as appropriate. To facili
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einforcer. Classical conditioning t
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process. More than one handler may
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1 Must added • An opportunity to
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c MANAGEMENT d Fig. 11. Elephants i
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or operant conditioning. Only posit
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• In FC positive and negative rei
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the ERD, it should be used daily an
Page 99 and 100: Training captive born elephants Whe
Page 101 and 102: processed, written out and implemen
Page 103 and 104: There are some acceptable justifica
Page 105 and 106: 3.12 Standard Operating Procedure:
Page 107 and 108: Fig. 13. Three sizes of ankus, show
Page 109 and 110: Storage: when not carried by an aut
Page 111 and 112: • Current equipment should be ass
Page 113 and 114: Firearms When elephants are being m
Page 115 and 116: • Alpha-2-agonists � Xylazine i
Page 117 and 118: Pre-shipment Screening Prior to tra
Page 119 and 120: observation for an hour after vacci
Page 121 and 122: Clostridial enterotoxaemia, see und
Page 123 and 124: measure of improvement in early cas
Page 125 and 126: metritis have all been described (M
Page 127 and 128: Fractures and longitudinal splits.
Page 129 and 130: management in zoos, their conservat
Page 131 and 132: After 1 the publication of the firs
Page 133 and 134: Some of the more unfortunate events
Page 135 and 136: � Is a further SOP required? �
Page 137 and 138: Broughton of HSE and Robert Landrid
Page 139 and 140: Barina, A., Reidl, M., Schmid, L.,
Page 141 and 142: Carlstead, K. & Kleiman, D. 1998. B
Page 143 and 144: Dineley, J. 1984. Operant condition
Page 145 and 146: Fraser, D., Phillips, P.A. & Thomps
Page 147 and 148: Hildebrandt, T., Göritz, F., Schno
Page 149: Khyne U Mar 2001. The studbook of t
Page 153 and 154: Moss, C. & Poole, J.H. 1983. Relati
Page 155 and 156: Olson, D. & Wiese, R.J. 2000. State
Page 157 and 158: Rasmussen, L.E. & Schulte, B.A. 199
Page 159 and 160: Schmid, J. 1995. Keeping circus ele
Page 161 and 162: Stewart, D.R., Stabenfeldt, G.H. &
Page 163 and 164: Wallace, C., Ingram, K. & Dierenfel
Page 165 and 166: Section 6: Appendices 6.1 Appendix
Page 167 and 168: Trunk (up) - curl trunk up to touch
Page 169 and 170: 6.1.2 Appendix 1.1: Calf Training 1
Page 171 and 172: this time be used to the sight and
Page 173 and 174: These commands allow routine good h
Page 175 and 176: 6.2 Appendix 2: Correct Application
Page 177 and 178: 6.3 Appendix 3: Risk Assessments 1
Page 179 and 180: 6.4 Appendix 4: Elephant Profiles 6
Page 181 and 182: 6.5 Appendix 5: Staff training 1 A
Page 183 and 184: March 2003 Example from Woburn Safa
Page 185 and 186: (a.) Please indicate (tick) the typ
Page 187 and 188: 6.6.2 Table of results of nutrition
Page 189 and 190: 6.6.3 Table List of plant species u
Page 191 and 192: Vitamin E conversion factors Vitami
Page 193 and 194: Table 2. Doses for individual suppl
Page 195 and 196: uilding a new enclosure that will b
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4 3 2 1 0 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000
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Three calves out of 17 live births
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Females - Only one collection that
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ELEPHANT TAG SURVEY (Please continu
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23 Are enrichments assessed in any
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etc? 8 How often has general anaest
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FEMALE ELEPHANT Please photocopy as
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213
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ody weight of dams, the age at whic
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Intra-specific aggression: incidenc
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