Elephants Elephants - Wildpro - Twycross Zoo

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194 more acceptable to changes within a herd, so movement of animals between institutions is much easier than with Asians. The data indicate that there may be a difference in the age of first oestrus and musth between Asians and Africans. The Africans appearing to be later developers than the Asians which coincides with research currently being carried out by Ann-Katherin Oerke (pers. com.). Less than half the population have a health record of any kind. Health problems are predominantly foot or leg related (73% of females that had health problems) and three males have had problems with their tusks after a trauma. Uterine polyps and ovarian cysts have occurred in a few Asiatic females. Stereotypic behaviour was noted in a third of the elephants in collections surveyed. These behaviours took the form of head bobbing, pacing and weaving/swaying/rocking. It was seen in all bar three collections and was not seen in animals under the age of 19. The duration varied from 20 minutes to four hours, did not occur every day and was more likely around feeding time or when the animals were due to come in. Other ‘behavioural problems’ were mainly an animal’s inability to mix with some other elephants (three collections) and attitudes to some keepers. No bulls are currently trained in a routine or are removed from their enclosure. One collection does a public feed with their African elephants and 13 Asian females in four collections perform a trained routine. Three collections take Asian females out of their enclosure and around the grounds. No collections take their elephants out of the collection grounds. In conclusion, the overall compliance to the Federation’s current guidelines is not 100%. It must be pointed out that almost all of the collections comply with the majority of the recommendations and are willing to improve in areas that they are non-compliant. These guidelines are based on current knowledge, which has been shown to be inadequate in areas. As more knowledge is gained, the guidelines will be updated. Background The questionnaires comprised of: A general one asking for statistics on animals and enclosures More detailed questions about each individual male and female elephant An elephant conservation projects survey An education survey is currently taking place but the results are not complete at time of writing. The surveys (questionnaires - see appendix) were sent to the 14 collections keeping elephants in Great Britain and Ireland. Four of these are not Federation collections. This represents all elephants in these geographical areas with the
exception of one female Asian that is held in a monastery in Wales and three Asian females belonging to a circus. Collections and their Elephants At the time the survey was taken (March/April 2003) there are 44 (10.34) Asian and 41 (10.31) African elephants in the region (total 85). Twenty five elephants were captive bred in a western zoo - 11 (6.5) Asian and 14 (4.10) African (total 25 or 29%). Collection Asian African Belfast # 1.4 [1.1] 0 Blackpool 0.4 0 Blair Drummond* 0 0.3 Chester # ++ 4.5 [4.1] 0 Colchester # ++ 0 2.4 [1.0] Dublin 0.2 0 Howletts* # 0 4.11 [3.8] Knowsley # ++ 0 2.10 [0.2] Paignton 0.1 0.1 Port Lympne* # ++ 3.6 [1.1] 0 Twycross # 0.5 [0.2] 0 West Midland* 0 2.2 Woburn 1.2 0 WWAP # ++ 1.5 0 * Non Federation collections # Collections where females have bred ++ Collections currently breeding [x.x] Captive bred in western zoos As can be seen, of the 14 collections five do not have bulls and therefore the elephants are not in a natural breeding situation. Twycross females were inseminated by natural mating at Chester and two WWAP females have bred, but produced stillborn calves. Paignton is the only collection keeping two cow elephants of different genera, both are old and non-reproductive, similarly the cows at Dublin are non-reproductive. Blackpool intend to carry out AI on some of their cows, Blair Drummond is presently reviewing its elephant management in light of the Federation Guidelines. Five collections are currently breeding (three Asian, two African). The Woburn and West Midland animals are just reaching breeding age. Thus the only collections keeping animals in a breeding situation that should be reproducing but are not are Belfast and Howletts. The Howletts situation is unclear and the studbook keeper has planned moves, it may be that keeping two bulls is inhibiting breeding. The present bull at Belfast (captive born in Chester) appears to be a non-breeder and moves are planned by the studbook keeper (has since deceased and left a non-cohesive group of females at Belfast). In the past 12 months calves have been born and survived at Colchester, Knowsley 195
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Managment Guidelines for the Welfar
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MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR THE WELFA
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Table of Contents Management Guidel
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SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 The Pur
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5. Elephants are large and intellig
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Section 2: BIOLOGY AND FIELD DATA A
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The woolly mammoth (M. primigenius)
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jaw but no more than two teeth are
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Features of the elephant’s reprod
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Fig. 2. Map showing current and for
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Table IV. AFRICAN ELEPHANT NUMBERS
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populations using this method; the
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obtained from the wildlife resource
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and bots. For a comprehensive list
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condition and increase the likeliho
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animals in Sri Lanka as well as dir
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COMMUNICATION Elephants, being larg
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Section 3: MANAGEMENT IN CAPTIVITY
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to North America in 1796 and the fi
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and a lack of foraging opportunitie
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protected contact until a full revi
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enrichment and access to food (see
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Adequate food storage areas MUST be
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Fig 7a. Example of a good outside a
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Most facilities in the British Isle
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Table V. SUMMARY OF DIET COMPOSITIO
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prevent obesity and associated heal
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than the average zinc content of th
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RECOMMENDATIONS Based on (Ullrey et
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Stereotypies may be a mechanism whe
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� Control/predictability. Ideally
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Fig. 8b A waterfall in an enriched
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institutions MUST exchange keepers
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Reproductive Biology Department at
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eadily available and the results ta
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• Ultrasound examination and iden
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within an individual, thus a partic
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130 kg, the last having a survival
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The goal should be to give cows exp
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i r t h s 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Fig. 1
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Mason report are never used. Method
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incidents as appropriate. To facili
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einforcer. Classical conditioning t
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process. More than one handler may
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1 Must added • An opportunity to
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c MANAGEMENT d Fig. 11. Elephants i
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or operant conditioning. Only posit
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• In FC positive and negative rei
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the ERD, it should be used daily an
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Training captive born elephants Whe
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processed, written out and implemen
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There are some acceptable justifica
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3.12 Standard Operating Procedure:
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Fig. 13. Three sizes of ankus, show
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Storage: when not carried by an aut
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• Current equipment should be ass
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Firearms When elephants are being m
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• Alpha-2-agonists � Xylazine i
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Pre-shipment Screening Prior to tra
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observation for an hour after vacci
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Clostridial enterotoxaemia, see und
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measure of improvement in early cas
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metritis have all been described (M
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Fractures and longitudinal splits.
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management in zoos, their conservat
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After 1 the publication of the firs
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Some of the more unfortunate events
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� Is a further SOP required? �
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Broughton of HSE and Robert Landrid
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Barina, A., Reidl, M., Schmid, L.,
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Carlstead, K. & Kleiman, D. 1998. B
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Dineley, J. 1984. Operant condition
Page 145 and 146: Fraser, D., Phillips, P.A. & Thomps
Page 147 and 148: Hildebrandt, T., Göritz, F., Schno
Page 149 and 150: Khyne U Mar 2001. The studbook of t
Page 151 and 152: Leong, K.M., Burks, K., Rizkalla, C
Page 153 and 154: Moss, C. & Poole, J.H. 1983. Relati
Page 155 and 156: Olson, D. & Wiese, R.J. 2000. State
Page 157 and 158: Rasmussen, L.E. & Schulte, B.A. 199
Page 159 and 160: Schmid, J. 1995. Keeping circus ele
Page 161 and 162: Stewart, D.R., Stabenfeldt, G.H. &
Page 163 and 164: Wallace, C., Ingram, K. & Dierenfel
Page 165 and 166: Section 6: Appendices 6.1 Appendix
Page 167 and 168: Trunk (up) - curl trunk up to touch
Page 169 and 170: 6.1.2 Appendix 1.1: Calf Training 1
Page 171 and 172: this time be used to the sight and
Page 173 and 174: These commands allow routine good h
Page 175 and 176: 6.2 Appendix 2: Correct Application
Page 177 and 178: 6.3 Appendix 3: Risk Assessments 1
Page 179 and 180: 6.4 Appendix 4: Elephant Profiles 6
Page 181 and 182: 6.5 Appendix 5: Staff training 1 A
Page 183 and 184: March 2003 Example from Woburn Safa
Page 185 and 186: (a.) Please indicate (tick) the typ
Page 187 and 188: 6.6.2 Table of results of nutrition
Page 189 and 190: 6.6.3 Table List of plant species u
Page 191 and 192: Vitamin E conversion factors Vitami
Page 193 and 194: Table 2. Doses for individual suppl
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Page 203 and 204: Three calves out of 17 live births
Page 205 and 206: Females - Only one collection that
Page 207 and 208: ELEPHANT TAG SURVEY (Please continu
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Page 211 and 212: etc? 8 How often has general anaest
Page 213 and 214: FEMALE ELEPHANT Please photocopy as
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Page 217 and 218: ody weight of dams, the age at whic
Page 219: Intra-specific aggression: incidenc
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