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Schwammer, H. 2000. Aspects of elephant foot care in zoos and elephant camps. In: Assessment and Management of Reproductive System in Asian Elephants. Proceedings of the Workshop, Lectures and Survey in Reproduction Bioology of Asian Elephants, May 3-16, 2000, Thailand. (Ed. by P. Ratanakorm), pp. 138- 141. Nakornpathom, Thailand, Mahidol University at Salaya. Schwammer, H. 2000. Training elephants for reproductive accessment procedures. In: Assessment and Management of Reproductive System in Asian Elephants. Proceedings of the Workshop, Lectures and Survey in Reproduction Bioology of Asian Elephants, May 3-16, 2000, Thailand. (Ed. by P. Ratanakorm), pp. 25-30. Nakornpathom, Thailand, Mahidol University at Salaya. Schwammer, H., Hildebrandt, T. & Göritz, F. 2001. First successful artificial insemination in an African elephant in Europe. International Zoo News 48, 424-429. Sharp, R. 1997. The African elephant: conservation and CITES. Oryx 31, 111-119. Shepherdson, D. 1999. Environmental enrichment for elephants: current status and future directions. Journal of Elephant Managers Association 10, 69-77. Shoshani, J. 1991. Anatomy and physiology. In: The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Elephants (Ed. by S.K. Eltringham), pp. 30-48. London, Salamander Books Ltd. Shoshani, J. 1991. Origins and Evolution. In: The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Elephants (Ed. by S.K. Eltringham), pp. 12-29. London, Salamander Books Ltd. Silver, M. & Fowden, A.L. 1982. Uterine prostaglandin F Metabolite production in relation to glucose availability in late pregnancy and a possible influence of diet on time of delivery in the mare. In: Equine Reproducation III (Ed. by I.W. Rowlands, W.R. Allen & P.D. Rossdale), pp. 512-519. Spottiswoode Ballantyne :td. London, Journal of Reproduction and Fertility (Supplement Vol. 32). Slotow, R., Van Dyk, G., Poole, J.H., Page, B. & Klocke, A. 2000. Older bull elephants control young males. Nature 408, 425-426. Smith, B. & Hutchins, M. 2000. The value of captive breeding programmes to field conservation: elephants as an example. Pachyderm 28, 101-109. Spencer, M. 1990. Diet. In: Proceedings of the Fourth U.K. Elephant Workshop (Port Lympne Zoo Park) (Ed. by N.G. Spooner) Chester, England, North of England Zoological Society. Spooner, N.G. & Whitear, J.A. 1998. Breeding Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) at Chester Zoo. Ratel 25, 130-133. Stafleu, F.R., Grommers, F.J. & Vorstenbosch, J. 1996. Animal welfare: evolution and erosion of a moral concept. Animal Welfare 225-234. Stevenson, M. 2004 Infant mortality in Asian elephants EAZA News September, 20-21 EAZA 158
Stewart, D.R., Stabenfeldt, G.H. & Hughers, J.P. 1982. Relaxin activity in foaling mares. In: Equine Reproducation III (Ed. by I.W. Rowlands, W.R. Allen & P.D. Rossdale), pp. 604-609. Spottiswoode Ballantyne :td. London, Journal of Reproduction and Fertility (Supplement Vol. 32). Stiles, D. & Martin, E.B. 2001. Status and trends of the ivory trade in Africa 1989-1999. Pachyderm 30, 24-35. Stoinski, T.S., Daniel, E. & Maple, T.L. 2001. A preliminary study of the behavioural effects of feeding enrichment on African elephants. Zoo Biology 19, 485-493. Suedmeyer, W.K. & Dierenfeld, E.S. 1998. Clinical experience with fatty acid supplementation in a group of black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis). In: Proceedings of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, Omaha, Nebraska, pp. 113-115. Omaha, Nebraska, AAZV. Sukumar, R. 1991. Ecology. In: The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Elephants (Ed. by S.K. Eltringham), pp. 78-95. London, Salamander Books Ltd. Sukumar, R. 1992. The Asian Elephant: Ecology and Management. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press Sukumar, R. 2003. The Living Elephants: Evolutionary Ecology, Behaviour and Conservation. Oxford: Oxford University Press Sukumar, R., Krishnamurthy, V., Wemmer, C.M. & Rodden, M. 1997. Demography of captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) in southern India. Zoo Biology 16, 236-272. Sukumar, R., Ramakrishnan, U. & Santosh, J.A. 1998. Impact of poaching on an Asian elephant population in Periyar, southern India: a model of demography and tusk harvest. Animal Conservation 1, 281-291. Swanson, J.E., Pulver, R.A., Parker, R.S. & Dierenfeld, E.S. 2002. Differential absorption of natural versus synthetic alpha-tocopherol in Asian and African elephants. In: Proceedings of the Joint Nutrition Symposium Held in Antwerp, Belgium, August 21-25, 2002 . Tangley, L. 1997. In search of Africa's forgotten forest elephant. Science 275, 1417-1419. Taylor, V.J. & Poole, T.B. 1998. Captive breeding and infant mortality in Asian elephants: a comparison between twenty western zoos and three eastern elephant centers. Zoo Biology 17, 311-332. Thorburn, G.D. & Liggins, G.C. London. The role of the fetal pituitary-adrenal axis and placenta in the initiation of parturition. In: Marshall's Physiology of Reproduction (Fourth Edition) (Ed. by G.E. Lamming.), pp. 1004-1036. Chapman & Hall. Tilson, R., Soemarna, K., Ramono, W., Sukumar, R., Seal, U.S. & Taylor-Holzer, K. 1994. Asian Elephant in Sumatra. Population and Habitat Viability Analysis. Minnesota: CBSG 159
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Managment Guidelines for the Welfar
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MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR THE WELFA
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Table of Contents Management Guidel
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SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 The Pur
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5. Elephants are large and intellig
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Section 2: BIOLOGY AND FIELD DATA A
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The woolly mammoth (M. primigenius)
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jaw but no more than two teeth are
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Features of the elephant’s reprod
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Fig. 2. Map showing current and for
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Table IV. AFRICAN ELEPHANT NUMBERS
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populations using this method; the
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obtained from the wildlife resource
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and bots. For a comprehensive list
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condition and increase the likeliho
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animals in Sri Lanka as well as dir
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COMMUNICATION Elephants, being larg
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Section 3: MANAGEMENT IN CAPTIVITY
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to North America in 1796 and the fi
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and a lack of foraging opportunitie
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protected contact until a full revi
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enrichment and access to food (see
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Adequate food storage areas MUST be
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Fig 7a. Example of a good outside a
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Most facilities in the British Isle
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Table V. SUMMARY OF DIET COMPOSITIO
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prevent obesity and associated heal
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than the average zinc content of th
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RECOMMENDATIONS Based on (Ullrey et
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Stereotypies may be a mechanism whe
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� Control/predictability. Ideally
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Fig. 8b A waterfall in an enriched
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institutions MUST exchange keepers
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Reproductive Biology Department at
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eadily available and the results ta
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• Ultrasound examination and iden
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within an individual, thus a partic
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130 kg, the last having a survival
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The goal should be to give cows exp
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i r t h s 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Fig. 1
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Mason report are never used. Method
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incidents as appropriate. To facili
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einforcer. Classical conditioning t
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process. More than one handler may
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1 Must added • An opportunity to
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c MANAGEMENT d Fig. 11. Elephants i
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or operant conditioning. Only posit
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• In FC positive and negative rei
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the ERD, it should be used daily an
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Training captive born elephants Whe
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processed, written out and implemen
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There are some acceptable justifica
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3.12 Standard Operating Procedure:
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Fig. 13. Three sizes of ankus, show
Page 109 and 110: Storage: when not carried by an aut
Page 111 and 112: • Current equipment should be ass
Page 113 and 114: Firearms When elephants are being m
Page 115 and 116: • Alpha-2-agonists � Xylazine i
Page 117 and 118: Pre-shipment Screening Prior to tra
Page 119 and 120: observation for an hour after vacci
Page 121 and 122: Clostridial enterotoxaemia, see und
Page 123 and 124: measure of improvement in early cas
Page 125 and 126: metritis have all been described (M
Page 127 and 128: Fractures and longitudinal splits.
Page 129 and 130: management in zoos, their conservat
Page 131 and 132: After 1 the publication of the firs
Page 133 and 134: Some of the more unfortunate events
Page 135 and 136: � Is a further SOP required? �
Page 137 and 138: Broughton of HSE and Robert Landrid
Page 139 and 140: Barina, A., Reidl, M., Schmid, L.,
Page 141 and 142: Carlstead, K. & Kleiman, D. 1998. B
Page 143 and 144: Dineley, J. 1984. Operant condition
Page 145 and 146: Fraser, D., Phillips, P.A. & Thomps
Page 147 and 148: Hildebrandt, T., Göritz, F., Schno
Page 149 and 150: Khyne U Mar 2001. The studbook of t
Page 151 and 152: Leong, K.M., Burks, K., Rizkalla, C
Page 153 and 154: Moss, C. & Poole, J.H. 1983. Relati
Page 155 and 156: Olson, D. & Wiese, R.J. 2000. State
Page 157 and 158: Rasmussen, L.E. & Schulte, B.A. 199
Page 159: Schmid, J. 1995. Keeping circus ele
Page 163 and 164: Wallace, C., Ingram, K. & Dierenfel
Page 165 and 166: Section 6: Appendices 6.1 Appendix
Page 167 and 168: Trunk (up) - curl trunk up to touch
Page 169 and 170: 6.1.2 Appendix 1.1: Calf Training 1
Page 171 and 172: this time be used to the sight and
Page 173 and 174: These commands allow routine good h
Page 175 and 176: 6.2 Appendix 2: Correct Application
Page 177 and 178: 6.3 Appendix 3: Risk Assessments 1
Page 179 and 180: 6.4 Appendix 4: Elephant Profiles 6
Page 181 and 182: 6.5 Appendix 5: Staff training 1 A
Page 183 and 184: March 2003 Example from Woburn Safa
Page 185 and 186: (a.) Please indicate (tick) the typ
Page 187 and 188: 6.6.2 Table of results of nutrition
Page 189 and 190: 6.6.3 Table List of plant species u
Page 191 and 192: Vitamin E conversion factors Vitami
Page 193 and 194: Table 2. Doses for individual suppl
Page 195 and 196: uilding a new enclosure that will b
Page 197 and 198: exception of one female Asian that
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Page 203 and 204: Three calves out of 17 live births
Page 205 and 206: Females - Only one collection that
Page 207 and 208: ELEPHANT TAG SURVEY (Please continu
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etc? 8 How often has general anaest
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FEMALE ELEPHANT Please photocopy as
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213
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ody weight of dams, the age at whic
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Intra-specific aggression: incidenc
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