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62 counties would be considered by the EAZA Elephant TAG on a case by case basis 1. The EEP recommendations for breeding management (which are mandatory) are: (Dorresteyn and Terkel 2000b) (Dorresteyn and Terkel 2000a): • To bring all potential breeding bulls into a breeding situation. • To exchange breeding bulls in a situation where they have sired a relevant number of (viable) offspring in one institution. • To bring all potential breeding females, especially those under 25 years old, into a breeding situation. [added 2002: check cyclicity in every case]. • To encourage the development of matriarchal family units and that these should remain together i.e. with the intention of keeping female offspring within their family unit. [added 2003: However it is important to ensure that young females are not bred with their fathers, and it may therefore be necessary to move sibling and half-sibling units for this reason.] [There is also anecdotal evidence that pre-pubertal African animals may be easier to integrate – note from Fed] • In those facilities that are unable to house a bull and have decided to send potential breeding females to a bull in another zoo, they should send the whole group or a relevant unit of that group temporarily to the breeding situation. • Further development of AI techniques should be encouraged but not promoted as the most important method of reproduction. [added 2002 AI must be carried out only upon recommendation and approval of the studbook keeper, just like any other breeding recommendation]. • All zoos that rebuild elephant facilities should design new enclosures with the potential of keeping bulls and more than two cows [n.b. see below]. If a zoo is not able to start keeping a bull within a reasonable period of time, the EEPs will treat that zoo as a non-breeding facility and will promote that the zoo houses only females who are not able to reproduce. These females have a significant and important role in education. [n.b. B&I recommendations state that this should be four or more cows, EAZA recommendations due to change]. • It is of the utmost importance that a bachelor herd facility for several adult bulls be developed. That facility could and should act as a genetic reservoir but also as a stimulant for the development of relevant social behaviour between bulls. Bulls should be kept in the facility when they are temporarily not in a breeding situation or before reaching that stage. The facility should not primarily function as a surplus-male facility, but as a component of the genetic reservoir of the population. • Young animals should be kept within their family group for several years and should not be transferred before five years of age. If this should happen they should be accompanied by at least one other member of the herd in which they were born. [n.b. there are now incidences of young bulls disrupting the herd before the age of five. Therefore this may need to be reviewed on a case by case basis.] [Added 2003 – 1 Clarified and mention made of imporation.
institutions MUST exchange keepers before and after moves to ensure continuity of management.] • When designing new facilities, consideration should include a fall-back position of protected contact. [added 2002]. • The situation in Europe is not very different from that in other regional breeding programmes, therefore close cooperation with other regions is essential e.g. the exchange of bulls. • Although further research is needed, it seems clear that herpesinfections are a very important cause of death of young elephants in the EEP. Rotterdam is preparing a protocol of successful treatment. [A protocol is being prepared on herpes and other transmissible diseases.] • Dissemination of information (veterinary, behavioural, management) is essential for the success of this programme. Each individual animal should be categorised using the following definitions: • No breeding future: these animals should be moved to zoos that have no breeding facilities or kept in a breeding group for social reasons. • Potential breeding in the future: follow-up examinations required annually. • Breeding future: close monitoring is required. � Isolated bulls in this category should either be moved to a breeding facility or be used for AI or, if applicable, females can be brought to the bull for breeding. � Cows in this category which are in institutions with a nonreproductive bull should be used for AI or the institution should acquire a reproductive bull, or the cow should move temporarily to an institution that keeps a reproductive bull. From these guidelines it is apparent that central to the success of the programme is the methodology for correct identification of the reproductive potential of bulls and cows. The main methods are: • Behavioural records. • Ultra-sonographic examinations. • Hormone profiles (from blood, faeces or urine). • Semen quality in males. [The purpose for which semen is being collected MUST be clear in all cases and no AI should take place unless recommended by the TAG species coordinator.] EAZA RECOMMENDATIONS RE: MANAGEMENT PROTOCOLS Because of the many problems associated with keeping and breeding elephants in captivity, members of EAZA are expected to follow certain protocols as detailed below (Dorresteyn and Terkel 2000b) (these are mandatory): • Cystic malformations: 63
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Managment Guidelines for the Welfar
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MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR THE WELFA
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Table of Contents Management Guidel
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SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 The Pur
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5. Elephants are large and intellig
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Section 2: BIOLOGY AND FIELD DATA A
Page 13 and 14: The woolly mammoth (M. primigenius)
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Page 17 and 18: Features of the elephant’s reprod
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Page 21 and 22: Table IV. AFRICAN ELEPHANT NUMBERS
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Page 25 and 26: obtained from the wildlife resource
Page 27 and 28: and bots. For a comprehensive list
Page 29 and 30: condition and increase the likeliho
Page 31 and 32: animals in Sri Lanka as well as dir
Page 33 and 34: COMMUNICATION Elephants, being larg
Page 35 and 36: Section 3: MANAGEMENT IN CAPTIVITY
Page 37 and 38: to North America in 1796 and the fi
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Page 41 and 42: protected contact until a full revi
Page 43 and 44: enrichment and access to food (see
Page 45 and 46: Adequate food storage areas MUST be
Page 47 and 48: Fig 7a. Example of a good outside a
Page 49 and 50: Most facilities in the British Isle
Page 51 and 52: Table V. SUMMARY OF DIET COMPOSITIO
Page 53 and 54: prevent obesity and associated heal
Page 55 and 56: than the average zinc content of th
Page 57 and 58: RECOMMENDATIONS Based on (Ullrey et
Page 59 and 60: Stereotypies may be a mechanism whe
Page 61 and 62: � Control/predictability. Ideally
Page 63: Fig. 8b A waterfall in an enriched
Page 67 and 68: Reproductive Biology Department at
Page 69 and 70: eadily available and the results ta
Page 71 and 72: • Ultrasound examination and iden
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Page 77 and 78: The goal should be to give cows exp
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Page 81 and 82: Mason report are never used. Method
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Page 87 and 88: process. More than one handler may
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Page 91 and 92: c MANAGEMENT d Fig. 11. Elephants i
Page 93 and 94: or operant conditioning. Only posit
Page 95 and 96: • In FC positive and negative rei
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Page 99 and 100: Training captive born elephants Whe
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Page 103 and 104: There are some acceptable justifica
Page 105 and 106: 3.12 Standard Operating Procedure:
Page 107 and 108: Fig. 13. Three sizes of ankus, show
Page 109 and 110: Storage: when not carried by an aut
Page 111 and 112: • Current equipment should be ass
Page 113 and 114: Firearms When elephants are being m
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• Alpha-2-agonists � Xylazine i
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Pre-shipment Screening Prior to tra
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observation for an hour after vacci
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Clostridial enterotoxaemia, see und
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measure of improvement in early cas
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metritis have all been described (M
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Fractures and longitudinal splits.
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management in zoos, their conservat
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After 1 the publication of the firs
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Some of the more unfortunate events
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� Is a further SOP required? �
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Broughton of HSE and Robert Landrid
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Barina, A., Reidl, M., Schmid, L.,
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Carlstead, K. & Kleiman, D. 1998. B
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Dineley, J. 1984. Operant condition
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Fraser, D., Phillips, P.A. & Thomps
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Hildebrandt, T., Göritz, F., Schno
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Khyne U Mar 2001. The studbook of t
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Leong, K.M., Burks, K., Rizkalla, C
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Moss, C. & Poole, J.H. 1983. Relati
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Olson, D. & Wiese, R.J. 2000. State
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Rasmussen, L.E. & Schulte, B.A. 199
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Schmid, J. 1995. Keeping circus ele
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Stewart, D.R., Stabenfeldt, G.H. &
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Wallace, C., Ingram, K. & Dierenfel
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Section 6: Appendices 6.1 Appendix
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Trunk (up) - curl trunk up to touch
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6.1.2 Appendix 1.1: Calf Training 1
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this time be used to the sight and
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These commands allow routine good h
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6.2 Appendix 2: Correct Application
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6.3 Appendix 3: Risk Assessments 1
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6.4 Appendix 4: Elephant Profiles 6
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6.5 Appendix 5: Staff training 1 A
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March 2003 Example from Woburn Safa
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(a.) Please indicate (tick) the typ
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6.6.2 Table of results of nutrition
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6.6.3 Table List of plant species u
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Vitamin E conversion factors Vitami
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Table 2. Doses for individual suppl
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uilding a new enclosure that will b
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exception of one female Asian that
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non-Fed members) that do not operat
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4 3 2 1 0 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000
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Three calves out of 17 live births
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Females - Only one collection that
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ELEPHANT TAG SURVEY (Please continu
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23 Are enrichments assessed in any
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etc? 8 How often has general anaest
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FEMALE ELEPHANT Please photocopy as
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213
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ody weight of dams, the age at whic
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Intra-specific aggression: incidenc
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