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Hoedemaker, M.J. 2001. The housing development of the Asian elephant in Amersfoort Zoo. In: Beiträge Zur Elefantenhaltung in Europa: Tagungsband Elefantenpfegertreffen, Rotterdam February (Ed. by H. Schwammer & S. de Vries), pp. 132. Munster, Schuling Verlag. Honeyman, V.L., Pettifer, G.R. & Dyson, D.H. 1992. Arterial blood pressure and blood gas values in normal standing and laterally recumbent African (Loxodonta africana) and Asian (Elephas maxumus) elephants. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 23, 205-210. Hulbert, A. 2004. Population Modelling of Captive EEP Elephant Populations. Royal Veterinary College. Hungerford, D.A., Chandra, H.S., Snyder, R.L. & Ulmer, F.A. 1966. Chromosomes of three elephants, two Asian (Elephas maximus) and one African (Loxodonta africana). Cytogenetics 5, 243-246. Isaza, R. & Ketz, C. 1999. A trunk wash technique for the diagnosis of tuberculosis in elephants. In: Verhandlungsdbericht Des Internationalen Symposiums Uber Die Erkrankungen Der Zootiere, Vienna, Austria , pp. 121-124. IUCN 2001 IUCN/Species Survival Commission/Elephant Specialist Groupswww.iucn.org/themes/ssc IUCN 2003 The 2003 IUCN Red List of Threatened Specieswww.redlist.org Jainudeen, M.J. & Hafez, E.S.E. 1987. Gestation, prenatal physiology and parturition. In: Reproduction in Farm Animals (Ed. by E.S.E. Hafez) 5th edn.Philadelphia, Lea & Febiger. Johnsingh, A.J.T. & Williams, A.C. 1999. Elephant corridors in India: lessons for other elephant range countries. Oryx 33, 210-214. Johnson, M.H. & Everitt, B.J. 2000. Essential Reproduction (5th Edition). Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd. Kangwana, K. 1996. Studying Elephants. Nairobi, Kenya: African Wildlife Foundation Keele, M. 1993. Flexibility: the key to todays elephant management systems. In: American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquaria Annual Conference Proceedings, pp. 25-31. Wheeling, W.Va., AZA. Keele, M. 1996. North American Asian elephant birth statistics: what are the numbers telling us. Journal of the Elephant Managers' Association 7, 29-32. Kemf, E. & Santiapillai, C. 2000. Asian Elephants in the Wild. Gland, Switzerland: WWF.www.panda.org/resources/publications/species/w-elephants 146 Keywords: Kenny, D.E. 2001. Long-term administration of ά-tocopherol in captive Asian Elephants. Zoo Biology 20, 245-250.
Khyne U Mar 2001. The studbook of timber elephants of Myanmar with special reference to survivorshop analysis. Kiley-Worthington, M. 1990. Animals in Circuses and Zoos: Chiron's World? Basildon, Essex: Little Eco-Farms Publishing Kingdon, J. 1997. The Kingdon Field Guide to African Mammals. London: Academic Press Kinzley, C. 1994. Protected contact management of African elephants at the Oakland Zoo. Animal Keeper's Forum 21, 97-100. Kinzley, C. 1997. The Elephant Hand Raising Notebook. Oakland CA: Oakland Zoo Kock, M.D. 1996. Zimbabwe: a model for the sustainable use of wildlife and the development of innovative management practices. In: The Exploitation of Mammal Populations (Ed. by V.J. Taylor & N. Dunstone), pp. 229-249. London, Chapman & Hall. Kock, N.D. 1998. Flaccid trunk paralysis in free-ranging elephants. In: Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine: Current Therapy (Ed. by M.E. Fowler & R.E. Miller), pp. 541-544. Toronto, Saunders Co. Kramer, M.S. 1987. Determinants of low birth weight: methodological assessment and meta-analysis. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 65, 663-737. Krishnamurthy, V. 1998. Captive elephant management in India under different systems: present trends. Zoos' Print March, 1-4. Kuntze, A. 1989. Disorders of performing elephants: perineal hernia, prepatellar bursitis and olecranal tyloma. Erkrankungen der Zootiere. (Internationalen Symposiums uber die Erkrankungen der Zoo und Wildtiere, Dortmund 1989) 31, 185-187. Kuntze, A. 1999. Poxvirus infections in elephants. In: Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine (Ed. by M.E. Fowler & E. Miller), pp. 547-550. 4th edn.Philadelphia, W.B. Saunders Company. Kurt, F. 1974. Remarks on the social structure and ecology of the Ceylon elephant in the Yala National Park. In: Behaviour of Ungulates and Its Relation to Management (Ed. by V. Geist & F. Walther) Morges, Switzerland, IUCN. Kurt, F. 1995. The preservation of Asian elephants in human care- a comparison between the different keeping systems in South Asia and Europe. Animal Research and Development 41, 38-60. Kurt, F. & Garai, M. 2001. Stereotypies in captive Asian elephants - a symptom of social isolation. In: Recent Research on Elephants and Rhinos: Abstracts of the International Elephant and Rhino Symposium Vienna (Ed. by H. Schwammer, T.J. Foose, M. Fouraker & D. Olson), pp. 20. Munster, Schuling Verlag. 147
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Managment Guidelines for the Welfar
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MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR THE WELFA
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Table of Contents Management Guidel
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SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 The Pur
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5. Elephants are large and intellig
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Section 2: BIOLOGY AND FIELD DATA A
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The woolly mammoth (M. primigenius)
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jaw but no more than two teeth are
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Features of the elephant’s reprod
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Fig. 2. Map showing current and for
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Table IV. AFRICAN ELEPHANT NUMBERS
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populations using this method; the
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obtained from the wildlife resource
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and bots. For a comprehensive list
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condition and increase the likeliho
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animals in Sri Lanka as well as dir
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COMMUNICATION Elephants, being larg
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Section 3: MANAGEMENT IN CAPTIVITY
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to North America in 1796 and the fi
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and a lack of foraging opportunitie
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protected contact until a full revi
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enrichment and access to food (see
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Adequate food storage areas MUST be
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Fig 7a. Example of a good outside a
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Most facilities in the British Isle
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Table V. SUMMARY OF DIET COMPOSITIO
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prevent obesity and associated heal
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than the average zinc content of th
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RECOMMENDATIONS Based on (Ullrey et
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Stereotypies may be a mechanism whe
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� Control/predictability. Ideally
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Fig. 8b A waterfall in an enriched
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institutions MUST exchange keepers
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Reproductive Biology Department at
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eadily available and the results ta
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• Ultrasound examination and iden
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within an individual, thus a partic
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130 kg, the last having a survival
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The goal should be to give cows exp
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i r t h s 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Fig. 1
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Mason report are never used. Method
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incidents as appropriate. To facili
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einforcer. Classical conditioning t
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process. More than one handler may
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1 Must added • An opportunity to
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c MANAGEMENT d Fig. 11. Elephants i
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or operant conditioning. Only posit
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• In FC positive and negative rei
Page 97 and 98: the ERD, it should be used daily an
Page 99 and 100: Training captive born elephants Whe
Page 101 and 102: processed, written out and implemen
Page 103 and 104: There are some acceptable justifica
Page 105 and 106: 3.12 Standard Operating Procedure:
Page 107 and 108: Fig. 13. Three sizes of ankus, show
Page 109 and 110: Storage: when not carried by an aut
Page 111 and 112: • Current equipment should be ass
Page 113 and 114: Firearms When elephants are being m
Page 115 and 116: • Alpha-2-agonists � Xylazine i
Page 117 and 118: Pre-shipment Screening Prior to tra
Page 119 and 120: observation for an hour after vacci
Page 121 and 122: Clostridial enterotoxaemia, see und
Page 123 and 124: measure of improvement in early cas
Page 125 and 126: metritis have all been described (M
Page 127 and 128: Fractures and longitudinal splits.
Page 129 and 130: management in zoos, their conservat
Page 131 and 132: After 1 the publication of the firs
Page 133 and 134: Some of the more unfortunate events
Page 135 and 136: � Is a further SOP required? �
Page 137 and 138: Broughton of HSE and Robert Landrid
Page 139 and 140: Barina, A., Reidl, M., Schmid, L.,
Page 141 and 142: Carlstead, K. & Kleiman, D. 1998. B
Page 143 and 144: Dineley, J. 1984. Operant condition
Page 145 and 146: Fraser, D., Phillips, P.A. & Thomps
Page 147: Hildebrandt, T., Göritz, F., Schno
Page 151 and 152: Leong, K.M., Burks, K., Rizkalla, C
Page 153 and 154: Moss, C. & Poole, J.H. 1983. Relati
Page 155 and 156: Olson, D. & Wiese, R.J. 2000. State
Page 157 and 158: Rasmussen, L.E. & Schulte, B.A. 199
Page 159 and 160: Schmid, J. 1995. Keeping circus ele
Page 161 and 162: Stewart, D.R., Stabenfeldt, G.H. &
Page 163 and 164: Wallace, C., Ingram, K. & Dierenfel
Page 165 and 166: Section 6: Appendices 6.1 Appendix
Page 167 and 168: Trunk (up) - curl trunk up to touch
Page 169 and 170: 6.1.2 Appendix 1.1: Calf Training 1
Page 171 and 172: this time be used to the sight and
Page 173 and 174: These commands allow routine good h
Page 175 and 176: 6.2 Appendix 2: Correct Application
Page 177 and 178: 6.3 Appendix 3: Risk Assessments 1
Page 179 and 180: 6.4 Appendix 4: Elephant Profiles 6
Page 181 and 182: 6.5 Appendix 5: Staff training 1 A
Page 183 and 184: March 2003 Example from Woburn Safa
Page 185 and 186: (a.) Please indicate (tick) the typ
Page 187 and 188: 6.6.2 Table of results of nutrition
Page 189 and 190: 6.6.3 Table List of plant species u
Page 191 and 192: Vitamin E conversion factors Vitami
Page 193 and 194: Table 2. Doses for individual suppl
Page 195 and 196: uilding a new enclosure that will b
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non-Fed members) that do not operat
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4 3 2 1 0 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000
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Three calves out of 17 live births
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Females - Only one collection that
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ELEPHANT TAG SURVEY (Please continu
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23 Are enrichments assessed in any
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etc? 8 How often has general anaest
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FEMALE ELEPHANT Please photocopy as
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213
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ody weight of dams, the age at whic
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Intra-specific aggression: incidenc
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