Elephants Elephants - Wildpro - Twycross Zoo

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164 it is best for the trainer to alter the situation so the elephant being trained can focus on learning. FREQUENTLY USED COMMANDS IN ELEPHANT MANAGEMENT Alright - release from previous command Back up - move back in straight line Come here - move to keeper Come in - laterally move toward keeper; move left Ear - present ear(s) forward or through ear hole Foot - lift the leg indicated: front leg/wrist to elbow parallel to ground rear leg/foot to knee parallel to ground Get over - lateral move away from keeper; move right Give - hand object to keeper Go - leave trainer and move to desired mark or target Lay down - lateral recumbency Lean in - position body parallel to, and in contact with, barrier Leave it - drop whatever is in trunk Line up - stand facing keeper; elephants stand in order of hierarchy Move up - move forward in straight line No (quit) - stop unwanted behaviour Open - open mouth wide for visual and tactile inspection Pick it up - lift object with trunk Push - push object with head Salute - raise trunk and foot simultaneously Steady - freeze Stretch - sternal recumbency Tail - grab and hold tail of another elephant Target - move toward target; respond to target by touching appropriate body part to it
Trunk (up) - curl trunk up to touch forehead Trunk down - drop trunk straight down to ground Turn - pivot in circle (right and left) Glossary Behaviour: to act, to respond, function, react or perform in a particular way. Bridge: any stimulus that has acquired its reinforcing properties through association with a primary reinforcement. Initially it is a meaningless signal that is paired with a reinforcer until it becomes a reinforcer itself. Continuous Reinforcement: reinforcement is given after every correct response. Cue/Conditioned Stimulus: stimulus where the response is reinforced. Desensitisation: actively pairing a positive reinforcer with a negative event until the negative event loses its ability to adversely influence behaviour. Extinction: method of eliminating a learned behaviour by not reinforcing it any longer. Generalization: when the reinforcement of a specific behaviour increases the frequency of similar behaviours. Habituation: accustoming the animal to a situation by prolonged or repeated exposure. Incompatible Behaviour: a behaviour that interferes with or cannot be performed at the same time as another behaviour. Intermittent Reinforcement Differential reinforcement: reinforcing selected responses of higher quality to improve performance. Fixed Interval Reinforcement: reinforcement is only available after a predetermined number of correct responses. Jackpot: a reward that is much bigger than normal reinforcement and comes as a surprise to the subject. Random Ratio Reinforcement: reinforcement is available after a different number of correct responses. Negative Reinforcement: removing something unpleasant in conjunction with the performance of the desired action or response; something the animal wants to avoid. 165
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Managment Guidelines for the Welfar
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MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR THE WELFA
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Table of Contents Management Guidel
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SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 The Pur
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5. Elephants are large and intellig
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Section 2: BIOLOGY AND FIELD DATA A
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The woolly mammoth (M. primigenius)
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jaw but no more than two teeth are
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Features of the elephant’s reprod
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Fig. 2. Map showing current and for
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Table IV. AFRICAN ELEPHANT NUMBERS
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populations using this method; the
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obtained from the wildlife resource
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and bots. For a comprehensive list
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condition and increase the likeliho
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animals in Sri Lanka as well as dir
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COMMUNICATION Elephants, being larg
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Section 3: MANAGEMENT IN CAPTIVITY
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to North America in 1796 and the fi
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and a lack of foraging opportunitie
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protected contact until a full revi
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enrichment and access to food (see
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Adequate food storage areas MUST be
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Fig 7a. Example of a good outside a
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Most facilities in the British Isle
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Table V. SUMMARY OF DIET COMPOSITIO
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prevent obesity and associated heal
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than the average zinc content of th
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RECOMMENDATIONS Based on (Ullrey et
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Stereotypies may be a mechanism whe
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� Control/predictability. Ideally
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Fig. 8b A waterfall in an enriched
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institutions MUST exchange keepers
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Reproductive Biology Department at
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eadily available and the results ta
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• Ultrasound examination and iden
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within an individual, thus a partic
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130 kg, the last having a survival
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The goal should be to give cows exp
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i r t h s 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Fig. 1
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Mason report are never used. Method
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incidents as appropriate. To facili
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einforcer. Classical conditioning t
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process. More than one handler may
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1 Must added • An opportunity to
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c MANAGEMENT d Fig. 11. Elephants i
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or operant conditioning. Only posit
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• In FC positive and negative rei
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the ERD, it should be used daily an
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Training captive born elephants Whe
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processed, written out and implemen
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There are some acceptable justifica
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3.12 Standard Operating Procedure:
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Fig. 13. Three sizes of ankus, show
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Storage: when not carried by an aut
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• Current equipment should be ass
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Firearms When elephants are being m
Page 115 and 116: • Alpha-2-agonists � Xylazine i
Page 117 and 118: Pre-shipment Screening Prior to tra
Page 119 and 120: observation for an hour after vacci
Page 121 and 122: Clostridial enterotoxaemia, see und
Page 123 and 124: measure of improvement in early cas
Page 125 and 126: metritis have all been described (M
Page 127 and 128: Fractures and longitudinal splits.
Page 129 and 130: management in zoos, their conservat
Page 131 and 132: After 1 the publication of the firs
Page 133 and 134: Some of the more unfortunate events
Page 135 and 136: � Is a further SOP required? �
Page 137 and 138: Broughton of HSE and Robert Landrid
Page 139 and 140: Barina, A., Reidl, M., Schmid, L.,
Page 141 and 142: Carlstead, K. & Kleiman, D. 1998. B
Page 143 and 144: Dineley, J. 1984. Operant condition
Page 145 and 146: Fraser, D., Phillips, P.A. & Thomps
Page 147 and 148: Hildebrandt, T., Göritz, F., Schno
Page 149 and 150: Khyne U Mar 2001. The studbook of t
Page 151 and 152: Leong, K.M., Burks, K., Rizkalla, C
Page 153 and 154: Moss, C. & Poole, J.H. 1983. Relati
Page 155 and 156: Olson, D. & Wiese, R.J. 2000. State
Page 157 and 158: Rasmussen, L.E. & Schulte, B.A. 199
Page 159 and 160: Schmid, J. 1995. Keeping circus ele
Page 161 and 162: Stewart, D.R., Stabenfeldt, G.H. &
Page 163 and 164: Wallace, C., Ingram, K. & Dierenfel
Page 165: Section 6: Appendices 6.1 Appendix
Page 169 and 170: 6.1.2 Appendix 1.1: Calf Training 1
Page 171 and 172: this time be used to the sight and
Page 173 and 174: These commands allow routine good h
Page 175 and 176: 6.2 Appendix 2: Correct Application
Page 177 and 178: 6.3 Appendix 3: Risk Assessments 1
Page 179 and 180: 6.4 Appendix 4: Elephant Profiles 6
Page 181 and 182: 6.5 Appendix 5: Staff training 1 A
Page 183 and 184: March 2003 Example from Woburn Safa
Page 185 and 186: (a.) Please indicate (tick) the typ
Page 187 and 188: 6.6.2 Table of results of nutrition
Page 189 and 190: 6.6.3 Table List of plant species u
Page 191 and 192: Vitamin E conversion factors Vitami
Page 193 and 194: Table 2. Doses for individual suppl
Page 195 and 196: uilding a new enclosure that will b
Page 197 and 198: exception of one female Asian that
Page 199 and 200: non-Fed members) that do not operat
Page 201 and 202: 4 3 2 1 0 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000
Page 203 and 204: Three calves out of 17 live births
Page 205 and 206: Females - Only one collection that
Page 207 and 208: ELEPHANT TAG SURVEY (Please continu
Page 209 and 210: 23 Are enrichments assessed in any
Page 211 and 212: etc? 8 How often has general anaest
Page 213 and 214: FEMALE ELEPHANT Please photocopy as
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ody weight of dams, the age at whic
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Intra-specific aggression: incidenc
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