Elephants Elephants - Wildpro - Twycross Zoo

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68 Ovaries Uterus Cervix Bladder Pelvic bone ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION Vestibule Vagina Bladder Penis Fig. 9 Diagram showing copulation position in elephants with main organs labelled Testes For more than 20 years all attempts to impregnate elephants by AI were unsuccessful. In 1998 the first successful attempt occurred, with two African nulliparous females at Indianapolis Zoo. This was followed, the same year, with a female Asian elephant at Dickerson Park Zoo. The first success in Europe was an African female at the Vienna Zoo in 1999 (Schwammer et al 2001) and the first birth from AI in the UK was at Colchester in 2002. The methodology, pioneered by Thomas Hildebrandt of the Institute for Zoo Biology and Wildlife Research, Berlin, requires several weeks (6-12) intensive training of the female to stand and accept the AI procedure (Schwammer 2000b). Obviously females selected for this process will have been carefully monitored using ultrasonography and endocrine techniques to confirm that they are good potential breeders. The elements of the procedure are (Hildebrandt et al 2001): Seminal vesicle Prostate Pelvic bone
• Ultrasound examination and identification of suitable artificial breeding candidates • Prediction of ovulation by ultrasonographic and endocrine oestrous monitoring for accurate timings of inseminations • The collection, assessment, processing and transportation of semen from an evaluated male • The non-surgical deposition of semen deep into the female’s genital tract. The ejaculate is collected by manual rectal massage (Schmitt and Hildebrandt 1998). This has advantages over other methods which include electroejaculation and the use of an artificial vagina as the former is traumatic and does not always produce good semen and the latter requires intensive training. However, elephant semen does not freeze well and should be used fresh, but kept at 4 °C it can retain motility for up to six days (Hildebrandt et al 1999) but it is best to use it on the day of collection. The AI method includes distending the vestibule with a balloon catheter and guiding the process with the aid of endoscopes. The introduction of semen is monitored ultrasonographically. The semen has to be deposited close to the cervix which is some 1.5 m. from the genital tract (vestibule) opening. By 2001 some 30 non-surgical AI attempts had been performed on nonsedated, trained cows (Hildebrandt et al 2001), in 11 different institutions in US and Europe, which had resulted in three successful births. Currently (2005) AI is a frequently successfully used technique. (Brown et al 2004). The intense training programme and some of the technical expertise is lessened using a surgical approach (Schmitt et al 2001). This involves making an incision into the urogenital canal just below the anus. However, healing of the incision takes some four to six weeks. 3.6.1 Breeding: copulation and conception It is obviously preferable to breed elephants by natural matings. However even when a collection keeps a stable group of females and a fertile male, conception does not always occur at the expected rate. Females show behavioural changes when in oestrus and collections should monitor behaviour with a view to collating behaviour with endocrine and other measures (Langbauer 2000). In the rationale and justification of elephant training section (3.8.1) we state that behavioural profile should be maintained for each individual elephant and this would be a way of tracking behaviour changes. There is a better chance of conception if bull(s) and cows are run together and if cows are kept in a stable established group (Kurt and Hartl 1995). Some zoos mix cows and bulls outside every day, some keep them separate, only introducing bull to cow when the cow is in oestrus . However, mature bulls require separate quarters i.e. an area in which they can be safely isolated, and these may be of two types: (a) completely separate from the herd i.e. not within sight and (b) in the neighbourhood of the cows with eye and trunk contact. Both systems have advantages and disadvantages and it is not known which has the greater breeding success. 69
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Managment Guidelines for the Welfar
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MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR THE WELFA
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Table of Contents Management Guidel
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SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 The Pur
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5. Elephants are large and intellig
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Section 2: BIOLOGY AND FIELD DATA A
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The woolly mammoth (M. primigenius)
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jaw but no more than two teeth are
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Features of the elephant’s reprod
Page 19 and 20: Fig. 2. Map showing current and for
Page 21 and 22: Table IV. AFRICAN ELEPHANT NUMBERS
Page 23 and 24: populations using this method; the
Page 25 and 26: obtained from the wildlife resource
Page 27 and 28: and bots. For a comprehensive list
Page 29 and 30: condition and increase the likeliho
Page 31 and 32: animals in Sri Lanka as well as dir
Page 33 and 34: COMMUNICATION Elephants, being larg
Page 35 and 36: Section 3: MANAGEMENT IN CAPTIVITY
Page 37 and 38: to North America in 1796 and the fi
Page 39 and 40: and a lack of foraging opportunitie
Page 41 and 42: protected contact until a full revi
Page 43 and 44: enrichment and access to food (see
Page 45 and 46: Adequate food storage areas MUST be
Page 47 and 48: Fig 7a. Example of a good outside a
Page 49 and 50: Most facilities in the British Isle
Page 51 and 52: Table V. SUMMARY OF DIET COMPOSITIO
Page 53 and 54: prevent obesity and associated heal
Page 55 and 56: than the average zinc content of th
Page 57 and 58: RECOMMENDATIONS Based on (Ullrey et
Page 59 and 60: Stereotypies may be a mechanism whe
Page 61 and 62: � Control/predictability. Ideally
Page 63 and 64: Fig. 8b A waterfall in an enriched
Page 65 and 66: institutions MUST exchange keepers
Page 67 and 68: Reproductive Biology Department at
Page 69: eadily available and the results ta
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Page 75 and 76: 130 kg, the last having a survival
Page 77 and 78: The goal should be to give cows exp
Page 79 and 80: i r t h s 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Fig. 1
Page 81 and 82: Mason report are never used. Method
Page 83 and 84: incidents as appropriate. To facili
Page 85 and 86: einforcer. Classical conditioning t
Page 87 and 88: process. More than one handler may
Page 89 and 90: 1 Must added • An opportunity to
Page 91 and 92: c MANAGEMENT d Fig. 11. Elephants i
Page 93 and 94: or operant conditioning. Only posit
Page 95 and 96: • In FC positive and negative rei
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Page 99 and 100: Training captive born elephants Whe
Page 101 and 102: processed, written out and implemen
Page 103 and 104: There are some acceptable justifica
Page 105 and 106: 3.12 Standard Operating Procedure:
Page 107 and 108: Fig. 13. Three sizes of ankus, show
Page 109 and 110: Storage: when not carried by an aut
Page 111 and 112: • Current equipment should be ass
Page 113 and 114: Firearms When elephants are being m
Page 115 and 116: • Alpha-2-agonists � Xylazine i
Page 117 and 118: Pre-shipment Screening Prior to tra
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Clostridial enterotoxaemia, see und
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measure of improvement in early cas
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metritis have all been described (M
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Fractures and longitudinal splits.
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management in zoos, their conservat
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After 1 the publication of the firs
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Some of the more unfortunate events
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� Is a further SOP required? �
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Broughton of HSE and Robert Landrid
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Barina, A., Reidl, M., Schmid, L.,
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Carlstead, K. & Kleiman, D. 1998. B
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Dineley, J. 1984. Operant condition
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Fraser, D., Phillips, P.A. & Thomps
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Hildebrandt, T., Göritz, F., Schno
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Khyne U Mar 2001. The studbook of t
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Leong, K.M., Burks, K., Rizkalla, C
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Moss, C. & Poole, J.H. 1983. Relati
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Olson, D. & Wiese, R.J. 2000. State
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Rasmussen, L.E. & Schulte, B.A. 199
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Schmid, J. 1995. Keeping circus ele
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Stewart, D.R., Stabenfeldt, G.H. &
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Wallace, C., Ingram, K. & Dierenfel
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Section 6: Appendices 6.1 Appendix
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Trunk (up) - curl trunk up to touch
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6.1.2 Appendix 1.1: Calf Training 1
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this time be used to the sight and
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These commands allow routine good h
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6.2 Appendix 2: Correct Application
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6.3 Appendix 3: Risk Assessments 1
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6.4 Appendix 4: Elephant Profiles 6
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6.5 Appendix 5: Staff training 1 A
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March 2003 Example from Woburn Safa
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(a.) Please indicate (tick) the typ
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6.6.2 Table of results of nutrition
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6.6.3 Table List of plant species u
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Vitamin E conversion factors Vitami
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Table 2. Doses for individual suppl
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uilding a new enclosure that will b
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exception of one female Asian that
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non-Fed members) that do not operat
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4 3 2 1 0 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000
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Three calves out of 17 live births
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Females - Only one collection that
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ELEPHANT TAG SURVEY (Please continu
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23 Are enrichments assessed in any
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etc? 8 How often has general anaest
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FEMALE ELEPHANT Please photocopy as
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213
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ody weight of dams, the age at whic
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Intra-specific aggression: incidenc
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