Elephants Elephants - Wildpro - Twycross Zoo

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202 being fed or when waiting to come in (something they have to wait to come in to be fed). Other behaviour A further nine females were described as having ‘behavioural problems’ other than stereotypy. These were mostly in their inability to mix with some of the other elephants (three collections in particular reported on this). Possibly that most of this is ‘elephant politics’ as only two collections actually separate their elephants as a management tool. Comments were made as to behaviour of certain elephants towards certain other elephants and particular keepers. Frequency of handling Males – no Asian bull over eight years old is handled in free contact, the others being in restricted (x 2) or protected contact. The eight, nine and twelve year olds have been recently moved in to restricted or protected contact. These are handled every day. The older bulls are handled occasionally. Africans – all bulls under the age of 10 are handled daily in free contact, although the two eldest are in training for protected contact. Of the three bulls over 20, one is in zero contact, another in protected (but handled daily) and the third is still in free contact. Females – Nine collections handle their females every day in a free contact management system. Two collections do not handle their animals at all and practise a zero contact management system. One collection handles their animals daily in a protected management system. One collection handles two out of five females in protected contact and three in free contact. All animals are handled daily. The remaining collection (total = 14) handles two animals daily in protected contact and one is not handled at all in zero contact. Tools used during handling Eight collections used the ankus, two used targets, and one used both. Three collections did not answer the question. Time spent on chains Bulls - No bulls over the age of 12 are put on chains. Of those put on chains, none were put on for more than three hours. Female - Five collections put their female elephants on chains for less than an hour a day and two for between one and three hours per day. Five collections do not chain their animals at all. Trained routines and removal from enclosure Males – no bull elephants are trained in a routine nor removed from their enclosure
Females – Only one collection that has Africans does any public demonstrations and this is in the form of a public feed. Thirteen Asian females in four collections perform a trained routine. Eight females at three collections are taken out of their enclosure (only two of these do displays as mentioned previously). No collections take their elephants out of the collection grounds. All the above collections are Federation members. 203
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Managment Guidelines for the Welfar
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MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR THE WELFA
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Table of Contents Management Guidel
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SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 The Pur
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5. Elephants are large and intellig
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Section 2: BIOLOGY AND FIELD DATA A
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The woolly mammoth (M. primigenius)
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jaw but no more than two teeth are
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Features of the elephant’s reprod
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Fig. 2. Map showing current and for
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Table IV. AFRICAN ELEPHANT NUMBERS
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populations using this method; the
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obtained from the wildlife resource
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and bots. For a comprehensive list
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condition and increase the likeliho
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animals in Sri Lanka as well as dir
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COMMUNICATION Elephants, being larg
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Section 3: MANAGEMENT IN CAPTIVITY
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to North America in 1796 and the fi
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and a lack of foraging opportunitie
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protected contact until a full revi
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enrichment and access to food (see
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Adequate food storage areas MUST be
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Fig 7a. Example of a good outside a
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Most facilities in the British Isle
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Table V. SUMMARY OF DIET COMPOSITIO
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prevent obesity and associated heal
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than the average zinc content of th
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RECOMMENDATIONS Based on (Ullrey et
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Stereotypies may be a mechanism whe
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� Control/predictability. Ideally
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Fig. 8b A waterfall in an enriched
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institutions MUST exchange keepers
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Reproductive Biology Department at
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eadily available and the results ta
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• Ultrasound examination and iden
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within an individual, thus a partic
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130 kg, the last having a survival
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The goal should be to give cows exp
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i r t h s 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Fig. 1
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Mason report are never used. Method
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incidents as appropriate. To facili
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einforcer. Classical conditioning t
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process. More than one handler may
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1 Must added • An opportunity to
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c MANAGEMENT d Fig. 11. Elephants i
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or operant conditioning. Only posit
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• In FC positive and negative rei
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the ERD, it should be used daily an
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Training captive born elephants Whe
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processed, written out and implemen
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There are some acceptable justifica
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3.12 Standard Operating Procedure:
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Fig. 13. Three sizes of ankus, show
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Storage: when not carried by an aut
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• Current equipment should be ass
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Firearms When elephants are being m
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• Alpha-2-agonists � Xylazine i
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Pre-shipment Screening Prior to tra
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observation for an hour after vacci
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Clostridial enterotoxaemia, see und
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measure of improvement in early cas
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metritis have all been described (M
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Fractures and longitudinal splits.
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management in zoos, their conservat
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After 1 the publication of the firs
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Some of the more unfortunate events
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� Is a further SOP required? �
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Broughton of HSE and Robert Landrid
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Barina, A., Reidl, M., Schmid, L.,
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Carlstead, K. & Kleiman, D. 1998. B
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Dineley, J. 1984. Operant condition
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Fraser, D., Phillips, P.A. & Thomps
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Hildebrandt, T., Göritz, F., Schno
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Khyne U Mar 2001. The studbook of t
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Leong, K.M., Burks, K., Rizkalla, C
Page 153 and 154: Moss, C. & Poole, J.H. 1983. Relati
Page 155 and 156: Olson, D. & Wiese, R.J. 2000. State
Page 157 and 158: Rasmussen, L.E. & Schulte, B.A. 199
Page 159 and 160: Schmid, J. 1995. Keeping circus ele
Page 161 and 162: Stewart, D.R., Stabenfeldt, G.H. &
Page 163 and 164: Wallace, C., Ingram, K. & Dierenfel
Page 165 and 166: Section 6: Appendices 6.1 Appendix
Page 167 and 168: Trunk (up) - curl trunk up to touch
Page 169 and 170: 6.1.2 Appendix 1.1: Calf Training 1
Page 171 and 172: this time be used to the sight and
Page 173 and 174: These commands allow routine good h
Page 175 and 176: 6.2 Appendix 2: Correct Application
Page 177 and 178: 6.3 Appendix 3: Risk Assessments 1
Page 179 and 180: 6.4 Appendix 4: Elephant Profiles 6
Page 181 and 182: 6.5 Appendix 5: Staff training 1 A
Page 183 and 184: March 2003 Example from Woburn Safa
Page 185 and 186: (a.) Please indicate (tick) the typ
Page 187 and 188: 6.6.2 Table of results of nutrition
Page 189 and 190: 6.6.3 Table List of plant species u
Page 191 and 192: Vitamin E conversion factors Vitami
Page 193 and 194: Table 2. Doses for individual suppl
Page 195 and 196: uilding a new enclosure that will b
Page 197 and 198: exception of one female Asian that
Page 199 and 200: non-Fed members) that do not operat
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Page 203: Three calves out of 17 live births
Page 207 and 208: ELEPHANT TAG SURVEY (Please continu
Page 209 and 210: 23 Are enrichments assessed in any
Page 211 and 212: etc? 8 How often has general anaest
Page 213 and 214: FEMALE ELEPHANT Please photocopy as
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Page 217 and 218: ody weight of dams, the age at whic
Page 219: Intra-specific aggression: incidenc
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Elephants Elephants - Wildpro - Twycross Zoo

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