Mirror-touch synaesthesia: the role of shared ... - UCL Discovery

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136 Are some emotions affected more than others? Chapter 7 To clarify whether the overall disruption of auditory emotion discrimination observed at rSI and rPM in experiment 1 was linked to a greater impairment for specific emotions or was expression-general, the effects of cTBS (corrected baseline RT minus corrected post cTBS RT) for each emotion type (amusement, disgust, fear, sadness) in the emotion task group were compared using a 3 (TMS Site) x 4 (Emotion-Type) repeated measures ANOVA. This revealed a main effect of TMS Site, [F(2, 18) = 4.97, p =
137 Chapter 7 2000; Pitcher et al., 2008) to suggest that activity in rSI is central to the perception of emotion across different modalities. Further, in recent years a number of functional brain imaging studies have documented the role of premotor cortex activity in the mirroring of actions and emotions of others (Dapretto et al., 2006; Hennenlotter et al., 2005; Leslie, Johnsen-Frey, and Grafton, 2004; Montgomery and Haxby, 2008; van der Gaag, Minderaa, and Keysers, 2007; Warren et al., 2006). Using stimuli adapted from one such study (Warren et al., 2006), the findings show that neural activity in rPM plays a central role in non-verbal auditory emotion discrimination in healthy adults. These findings are consistent with simulation-based accounts of emotion processing, which contend that perceived emotions are mapped onto an individual’s own somatosensory and motor representations to facilitate emotion recognition (Adolphs, 2002; Adolphs, 2003; Damasio, 1990; Gallese, Keysers, and Rizzolatti, 2004; Goldman and Sripada, 2005; Keysers and Gazzola, 2006). The task specific nature of the findings further supports the role of rSI and rPM activity as a substrate for a mechanism that facilitates emotion processing. Under equivalent conditions to experiment 1, cTBS targeted at rSI and rPM did not impair participants’ ability to discriminate another’s identity, indicating that the changes in reaction time are not simply due to a general reduction in reaction times following cTBS stimulation of these regions or more widespread suppression of neural activity. In contrast to a disruption in emotion discrimination abilities, there was a trend for facilitation when participants were asked to discriminate the identity of others. This facilitation is non-specific because it is seen over all sites stimulated in the identity task, and does not differ significantly between sites. The nature of the effect may reflect practice in the post-cTBS blocks or intersensory facilitation following cTBS (Marzi et al., 1998; Walsh and Pascual-Leone, 2003).
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1 Title of PhD Thesis: Mirror-touch
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3 LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES Figure
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5 ABSTRACT Synaesthesia is a condit
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7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Firstly, I would
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9 Chapter 1 aroused some interest,
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11 Chapter 1 can skip generations (
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13 Chapter 1 to incongruent conditi
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15 Chapter 1 word/grapheme-colour s
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17 Chapter 1 the outside world (com
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19 Chapter 1 interacts with process
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21 Chapter 1 experience is due to a
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23 1.4.1 Synaesthesia involving tac
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25 Chapter 1 synaesthesia reported
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27 Chapter 1 if tactile stimulation
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29 Chapter 1 and colleagues (2005)
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31 Chapter 1 facial cheeks or hands
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33 1.5 Synaesthesia and models of t
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35 Chapter 1 the tactile mirror sys
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37 Chapter 2 over inflated female t
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39 Chapter 2 another person (or pos
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41 Chapter 2 Participants were aske
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43 Chapter 2 Figure 2.1 (a) Summary
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45 Chapter 2 previously reported ca
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47 Chapter 2 the previously assumed
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Chapter 2 49 a. b. * 30 * * 1150 25
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51 Chapter 2 observing touch to the
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53 Results and Discussion Chapter 2
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55 Chapter 2 good evidence for a vi
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57 Chapter 2 via the dorsal stream
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59 Chapter 2 synaesthetes, touch to
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61 Chapter 2 This distinction is si
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63 CHAPTER 3: SENSORY PROCESSING IN
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65 Chapter 3 there is good evidence
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67 Chapter 3 Two coloured caps rema
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69 Chapter 3 colour perception task
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71 Chapter 3 p = trials correct / n
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73 Chapter 3 discrimination of colo
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75 Chapter 3 Leone, 2002) - further
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77 Chapter 3 (e.g. Cohen Kadosh et
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79 Chapter 4 Recent research has su
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81 Chapter 4 study. All cases of mi
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83 Chapter 4 that empathy is multi-
Page 85 and 86: 85 Chapter 4 Hlushchuk, Williams, S
Page 87 and 88: 87 Chapter 4 The BFI is a 44-item s
Page 89 and 90: 89 IRI Score 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 1
Page 91 and 92: 91 Chapter 4 extraversion [n = 120,
Page 93 and 94: 93 Chapter 4 experience by contacti
Page 95 and 96: 95 CHAPTER 5: FACIAL EXPRESSION REC
Page 97 and 98: 97 Chapter 5 others (the mirror-tou
Page 99 and 100: 99 Chapter 5 actors. Target and dis
Page 101 and 102: 101 Chapter 5 effect for face perce
Page 103 and 104: 103 5.3 Results Films Facial Expres
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Page 113 and 114: 113 Chapter 6 There are also import
Page 115 and 116: 115 Chapter 6 overall duration of r
Page 117 and 118: 117 Chapter 6 Figure 6.2 The effect
Page 119 and 120: 119 Chapter 6 is infinite (with the
Page 121 and 122: 121 Chapter 6 Figure 6.5 Functional
Page 123 and 124: 123 Chapter 6 Huang et al., 2009; S
Page 125 and 126: 125 Chapter 7 CHAPTER 7: THE ROLE O
Page 127 and 128: 127 Chapter 7 right hemisphere soma
Page 129 and 130: 129 Chapter 7 University College Lo
Page 131 and 132: 131 Chapter 7 Figure 7.1 Summary of
Page 133 and 134: 133 Chapter 7 Figure 7.2 Summary of
Page 135: Chapter 7 135 Identity Discriminati
Page 139 and 140: 139 Chapter 7 Eimer, in press). The
Page 141 and 142: 141 Chapter 8 subliminal exposure t
Page 143 and 144: 143 Chapter 8 necessary for all or
Page 145 and 146: 145 Chapter 8 stimulated: rSI, rIFG
Page 147 and 148: 147 TMS Protocol and Site Localisat
Page 149 and 150: 149 Baseline minus cTBS RT (msec) 2
Page 151 and 152: 151 Chapter 8 recognition, but not
Page 153 and 154: 153 Chapter 8 The findings that cTB
Page 155 and 156: 155 CHAPTER 9: CONCLUSIONS Chapter
Page 157 and 158: 157 Chapter 9 the mirror-touch syna
Page 159 and 160: 159 Chapter 9 Ramachandran, 2005; R
Page 161 and 162: 161 Chapter 9 close proximity to th
Page 163 and 164: 163 Chapter 9 for the specular-anat
Page 165 and 166: 165 Chapter 9 non-synaesthetes, lin
Page 167 and 168: 167 Chapter 9 cortical inhibition (
Page 169 and 170: 169 Chapter 9 which underpin it). I
Page 171 and 172: 171 Chapter 9 separate from a ‘sp
Page 173 and 174: 173 Chapter 9 system (Rizzolatti an
Page 175 and 176: 175 REFERENCES References Adolphs,
Page 177 and 178: 177 References Avenanti, A., Bueti,
Page 179 and 180: 179 References Batson, C. D. (1991)
Page 181 and 182: 181 Bryant, G., and Barrett, H. C.
Page 183 and 184: 183 References Coslett, B. (1998).
Page 185 and 186: 185 References Donner, T. H., Kette
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187 References Fink, G. R., Markowi
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189 Grossenbacher, P.G., and Lovela
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191 References Iriki, A., Tanaka, M
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193 References Kipps, C. M., Duggin
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195 References Marks, L. E. (1975).
Page 197 and 198:
197 References Oberman, L. M., Hubb
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199 References Pitcher, D., Walsh,
Page 201 and 202:
201 References Russell, R., Duchain
Page 203 and 204:
203 References Seron, X., Pesenti,
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205 Spiller, M. J., and Jansari, A.
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207 Treisman, A. (2004). In: L. Rob
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209 Walsh, V., and Pascual-Leone, A
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211 Wildgruber, D., Riecker, A., He
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213 Appendix (4) Do you experience
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