Mirror-touch synaesthesia: the role of shared ... - UCL Discovery

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32 Reaction time (ms) Percentage of errors b. 850 800 750 700 650 600 550 500 450 400 350 300 c. 30 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 * Mirror touch Controls * * Mirror-Touch Synaesthetes Non-synaesthetes Congruent Incongruent Mirror-touch errors Other errors Introduction Figure 1.5 Summary of Banissy and Ward (2007). (a) Task Protocol. Participants were required to report the site upon which they were actually touched (i.e. left cheek, right cheek, both cheeks or no touch) while ignoring observed touch (and the synaesthetic touch induced from it). Note that although the example given is for a specular mirror-touch synaesthete, both subtypes were tested and congruency was determined according to each synaesthetes’ self-reports. (b) Mirror-touch synaesthetes, but not controls, were significantly faster at detecting the site of real touch in the congruent relative to incongruent condition. (c) Mirror-touch synaesthetes also produced significantly more mirror-touch errors than controls (errors consistent with their synaesthesia), but not other error types. * = p
33 1.5 Synaesthesia and models of typical cognition Chapter 1 The preceding sections reviewed evidence for the authenticity of synaesthesia. While this is now well established, there is growing interest in using the condition to inform us about non-synaesthetic perceptual and cognitive processing. Following the logic of cognitive neuropsychology, the positive symptoms related to synaesthesia may be able to constrain theories on multisensory interactions and inform about the relationship between multisensory processing and other aspects of cognition (Ward and Mattingley, 2006; Cohen Kadosh and Henik. 2007). So far, a number of examples have been cited whereby synaesthetic interactions have been shown to rely upon similar neurocognitive mechanisms as those observed in non-synaesthetes and therefore may inform us about general principles of multisensory interactions (e.g. feature binding in grapheme-colour synaesthesia; cross-modal interactions in touch-colour synaesthesia; heightened visual-tactile interactions in mirror-touch synaesthesia). Non-random associations, which are similar to those found in non-synaesthetic subjects, have also been found between pitch and lightness in tone-colour synaesthetes (individuals who experience colour sensations in response to tones) – both synaesthetes and non-synaesthetes show a tendency to associate low pitches with dark colours and high pitches with light colours, although only synaesthetes experience these colours consciously (Ward et al., 2007; also see Parise and Spence, 2009). Evidence of non-random associations in other variants have also been documented, including number and lightness in digit- colour synaesthesia (Cohen Kadosh and Walsh, 2008); word form properties and colour associations in linguistic-colour synaesthesia (Barnett, Feeney, Gormley, and Newell, 2009); and phonology and tastes in lexical-gustatory synaesthesia (Ward and Simner, 2003).
Page 1 and 2: 1 Title of PhD Thesis: Mirror-touch
Page 3 and 4: 3 LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES Figure
Page 5 and 6: 5 ABSTRACT Synaesthesia is a condit
Page 7 and 8: 7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Firstly, I would
Page 9 and 10: 9 Chapter 1 aroused some interest,
Page 11 and 12: 11 Chapter 1 can skip generations (
Page 13 and 14: 13 Chapter 1 to incongruent conditi
Page 15 and 16: 15 Chapter 1 word/grapheme-colour s
Page 17 and 18: 17 Chapter 1 the outside world (com
Page 19 and 20: 19 Chapter 1 interacts with process
Page 21 and 22: 21 Chapter 1 experience is due to a
Page 23 and 24: 23 1.4.1 Synaesthesia involving tac
Page 25 and 26: 25 Chapter 1 synaesthesia reported
Page 27 and 28: 27 Chapter 1 if tactile stimulation
Page 29 and 30: 29 Chapter 1 and colleagues (2005)
Page 31: 31 Chapter 1 facial cheeks or hands
Page 35 and 36: 35 Chapter 1 the tactile mirror sys
Page 37 and 38: 37 Chapter 2 over inflated female t
Page 39 and 40: 39 Chapter 2 another person (or pos
Page 41 and 42: 41 Chapter 2 Participants were aske
Page 43 and 44: 43 Chapter 2 Figure 2.1 (a) Summary
Page 45 and 46: 45 Chapter 2 previously reported ca
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Page 53 and 54: 53 Results and Discussion Chapter 2
Page 55 and 56: 55 Chapter 2 good evidence for a vi
Page 57 and 58: 57 Chapter 2 via the dorsal stream
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Page 61 and 62: 61 Chapter 2 This distinction is si
Page 63 and 64: 63 CHAPTER 3: SENSORY PROCESSING IN
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Page 67 and 68: 67 Chapter 3 Two coloured caps rema
Page 69 and 70: 69 Chapter 3 colour perception task
Page 71 and 72: 71 Chapter 3 p = trials correct / n
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Page 75 and 76: 75 Chapter 3 Leone, 2002) - further
Page 77 and 78: 77 Chapter 3 (e.g. Cohen Kadosh et
Page 79 and 80: 79 Chapter 4 Recent research has su
Page 81 and 82: 81 Chapter 4 study. All cases of mi
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83 Chapter 4 that empathy is multi-
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85 Chapter 4 Hlushchuk, Williams, S
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87 Chapter 4 The BFI is a 44-item s
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89 IRI Score 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 1
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91 Chapter 4 extraversion [n = 120,
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93 Chapter 4 experience by contacti
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95 CHAPTER 5: FACIAL EXPRESSION REC
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97 Chapter 5 others (the mirror-tou
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99 Chapter 5 actors. Target and dis
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101 Chapter 5 effect for face perce
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103 5.3 Results Films Facial Expres
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Chapter 5 105 75 b 85 a Synaesthete
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Chapter 5 107 80 b 45 a Synaesthete
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109 Same-Different Expression and I
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111 Chapter 5 heightened emotion se
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113 Chapter 6 There are also import
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115 Chapter 6 overall duration of r
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117 Chapter 6 Figure 6.2 The effect
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119 Chapter 6 is infinite (with the
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121 Chapter 6 Figure 6.5 Functional
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123 Chapter 6 Huang et al., 2009; S
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125 Chapter 7 CHAPTER 7: THE ROLE O
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127 Chapter 7 right hemisphere soma
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129 Chapter 7 University College Lo
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131 Chapter 7 Figure 7.1 Summary of
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133 Chapter 7 Figure 7.2 Summary of
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Chapter 7 135 Identity Discriminati
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137 Chapter 7 2000; Pitcher et al.,
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139 Chapter 7 Eimer, in press). The
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141 Chapter 8 subliminal exposure t
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143 Chapter 8 necessary for all or
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145 Chapter 8 stimulated: rSI, rIFG
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147 TMS Protocol and Site Localisat
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149 Baseline minus cTBS RT (msec) 2
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151 Chapter 8 recognition, but not
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153 Chapter 8 The findings that cTB
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155 CHAPTER 9: CONCLUSIONS Chapter
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157 Chapter 9 the mirror-touch syna
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159 Chapter 9 Ramachandran, 2005; R
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161 Chapter 9 close proximity to th
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163 Chapter 9 for the specular-anat
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165 Chapter 9 non-synaesthetes, lin
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167 Chapter 9 cortical inhibition (
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169 Chapter 9 which underpin it). I
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171 Chapter 9 separate from a ‘sp
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173 Chapter 9 system (Rizzolatti an
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175 REFERENCES References Adolphs,
Page 177 and 178:
177 References Avenanti, A., Bueti,
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179 References Batson, C. D. (1991)
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181 Bryant, G., and Barrett, H. C.
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183 References Coslett, B. (1998).
Page 185 and 186:
185 References Donner, T. H., Kette
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187 References Fink, G. R., Markowi
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189 Grossenbacher, P.G., and Lovela
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191 References Iriki, A., Tanaka, M
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193 References Kipps, C. M., Duggin
Page 195 and 196:
195 References Marks, L. E. (1975).
Page 197 and 198:
197 References Oberman, L. M., Hubb
Page 199 and 200:
199 References Pitcher, D., Walsh,
Page 201 and 202:
201 References Russell, R., Duchain
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203 References Seron, X., Pesenti,
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205 Spiller, M. J., and Jansari, A.
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207 Treisman, A. (2004). In: L. Rob
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209 Walsh, V., and Pascual-Leone, A
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211 Wildgruber, D., Riecker, A., He
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213 Appendix (4) Do you experience
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