Mirror-touch synaesthesia: the role of shared ... - UCL Discovery

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158 Chapter 9 2 also indicate a number of features linked to the characteristics of the condition. The findings from experiment 2 indicate that the inducer for synaesthetic experience is not linked to spatial cueing, but is related to bodily touch (and in some cases touch to objects). The findings also indicate the specular subtype is the more common frame of reference adopted by mirror-touch synaesthetes and the relative frequencies (approximately 81% show a specular frame of reference) are similar to those reported in studies investigating the preferred spatial frame adopted when imitating another’s behaviour - both adults and children tend to imitate in a specular mode (Schofield, 1976; Franz, Ford and Werner, 2007). Further characteristics indicate commonalities between mirror-touch synaesthesia and other variants of synaesthesia. For example, a general characteristic of synaesthesia is that different variants of synaesthesia tend to co-occur (Simner et al., 2006). This also appears to be the case in mirror-touch synaesthesia. Synaesthetic experiences also tend to be consistent over time (Baron- Cohen, Wyke, and Binnie, 1987) and the mirror-touch synaesthete’s spatial sub-type (i.e. whether they belong to the specular or anatomical category) appears to be consistent across time (Chapter 2) and across different body parts (Banissy and Ward, 2007). While these findings indicate that mirror-touch synaesthesia shares common ground with other types of synaesthesia, possible similarities in the neural basis of the condition are less apparent. A point of dispute in the synaesthesia literature is whether synaesthetic experience is due to cross-activation between brain regions (either through increased structural connectivity or malfunctions in cortical inhibition) or disinhibition of the same cortical networks found in non-synaesthetes (Bargary and Mitchell, 2008; Cohen Kadosh, Henik, Catena, Walsh, and Fuetnes, 2009; Cohen Kadosh and Walsh, 2008; Grossenbacher and Lovelace, 2001; Hubbard and
159 Chapter 9 Ramachandran, 2005; Rouw and Scholte, 2007). Cross-activation accounts have tended to focus on adjacent brain regions (e.g. in the case of grapheme-colour synaesthesia - between visual grapheme and colour processing areas in the fusiform gyrus) and suggest that activation in the region responsible for processing the synaesthetic inducer (e.g. the grapheme in grapheme-colour synaesthesia) leads to activation in the adjacent region for processing the synaesthetic concurrent (e.g. colour in grapheme-colour synaesthesia). It is not entirely clear how the principle of adjacency can be applied to mirror-touch synaesthesia, and an alternative mechanism which may bias individuals to this type of synaesthesia is the normal architecture for multi-sensory interactions (Sagiv and Ward, 2006). For example, there is good evidence for an observed-touch mirror system in non-synaesthetes (Keysers, Wicker, Gazzola, Anton, Fogassi, and Gallese, 2004; Blakemore et al., 2005; Ebisch, Perrucci, Ferretti, Del Gratta, Romani, and Gallese, 2008) and mirror-touch synaesthesia has been suggested to reflect over-activity within this network (Blakemore et al., 2005). Future studies will aim to address the similarities and differences in the neural basis of different subtypes of synaesthesia by investigating structural and functional correlates of different variants of synaesthesia (e.g. grapheme-colour, tone-colour, mirror-touch, and number-space synaesthesia). For example, previous DTI findings indicate that grapheme-colour synaesthesia is linked with increased structural connectivity in right inferior-temporal, right parietal, and bilateral frontal regions (Rouw and Scholte, 2007), and research in progress indicates that tone-colour synaesthesia is linked to increased cortical thickness (a marker of cortical morphology and neurodevelopment; MacDonald, Kabani, Avis, and Evans, 2000; Shaw et al., 2006) in similar right inferior temporal regions (Banissy, Stewart, Ward, Walsh, and Kanai, in prep). I am also starting a combined fMRI-DTI study of mirror-touch
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1 Title of PhD Thesis: Mirror-touch
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3 LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES Figure
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5 ABSTRACT Synaesthesia is a condit
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7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Firstly, I would
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9 Chapter 1 aroused some interest,
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11 Chapter 1 can skip generations (
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13 Chapter 1 to incongruent conditi
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15 Chapter 1 word/grapheme-colour s
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17 Chapter 1 the outside world (com
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19 Chapter 1 interacts with process
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21 Chapter 1 experience is due to a
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23 1.4.1 Synaesthesia involving tac
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25 Chapter 1 synaesthesia reported
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27 Chapter 1 if tactile stimulation
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29 Chapter 1 and colleagues (2005)
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31 Chapter 1 facial cheeks or hands
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33 1.5 Synaesthesia and models of t
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35 Chapter 1 the tactile mirror sys
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37 Chapter 2 over inflated female t
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39 Chapter 2 another person (or pos
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41 Chapter 2 Participants were aske
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43 Chapter 2 Figure 2.1 (a) Summary
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45 Chapter 2 previously reported ca
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47 Chapter 2 the previously assumed
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Chapter 2 49 a. b. * 30 * * 1150 25
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51 Chapter 2 observing touch to the
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53 Results and Discussion Chapter 2
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55 Chapter 2 good evidence for a vi
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57 Chapter 2 via the dorsal stream
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59 Chapter 2 synaesthetes, touch to
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61 Chapter 2 This distinction is si
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63 CHAPTER 3: SENSORY PROCESSING IN
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65 Chapter 3 there is good evidence
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67 Chapter 3 Two coloured caps rema
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69 Chapter 3 colour perception task
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71 Chapter 3 p = trials correct / n
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73 Chapter 3 discrimination of colo
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75 Chapter 3 Leone, 2002) - further
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77 Chapter 3 (e.g. Cohen Kadosh et
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79 Chapter 4 Recent research has su
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81 Chapter 4 study. All cases of mi
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83 Chapter 4 that empathy is multi-
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85 Chapter 4 Hlushchuk, Williams, S
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87 Chapter 4 The BFI is a 44-item s
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89 IRI Score 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 1
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91 Chapter 4 extraversion [n = 120,
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93 Chapter 4 experience by contacti
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95 CHAPTER 5: FACIAL EXPRESSION REC
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97 Chapter 5 others (the mirror-tou
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99 Chapter 5 actors. Target and dis
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101 Chapter 5 effect for face perce
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103 5.3 Results Films Facial Expres
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Chapter 5 105 75 b 85 a Synaesthete
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Page 113 and 114: 113 Chapter 6 There are also import
Page 115 and 116: 115 Chapter 6 overall duration of r
Page 117 and 118: 117 Chapter 6 Figure 6.2 The effect
Page 119 and 120: 119 Chapter 6 is infinite (with the
Page 121 and 122: 121 Chapter 6 Figure 6.5 Functional
Page 123 and 124: 123 Chapter 6 Huang et al., 2009; S
Page 125 and 126: 125 Chapter 7 CHAPTER 7: THE ROLE O
Page 127 and 128: 127 Chapter 7 right hemisphere soma
Page 129 and 130: 129 Chapter 7 University College Lo
Page 131 and 132: 131 Chapter 7 Figure 7.1 Summary of
Page 133 and 134: 133 Chapter 7 Figure 7.2 Summary of
Page 135 and 136: Chapter 7 135 Identity Discriminati
Page 137 and 138: 137 Chapter 7 2000; Pitcher et al.,
Page 139 and 140: 139 Chapter 7 Eimer, in press). The
Page 141 and 142: 141 Chapter 8 subliminal exposure t
Page 143 and 144: 143 Chapter 8 necessary for all or
Page 145 and 146: 145 Chapter 8 stimulated: rSI, rIFG
Page 147 and 148: 147 TMS Protocol and Site Localisat
Page 149 and 150: 149 Baseline minus cTBS RT (msec) 2
Page 151 and 152: 151 Chapter 8 recognition, but not
Page 153 and 154: 153 Chapter 8 The findings that cTB
Page 155 and 156: 155 CHAPTER 9: CONCLUSIONS Chapter
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Page 161 and 162: 161 Chapter 9 close proximity to th
Page 163 and 164: 163 Chapter 9 for the specular-anat
Page 165 and 166: 165 Chapter 9 non-synaesthetes, lin
Page 167 and 168: 167 Chapter 9 cortical inhibition (
Page 169 and 170: 169 Chapter 9 which underpin it). I
Page 171 and 172: 171 Chapter 9 separate from a ‘sp
Page 173 and 174: 173 Chapter 9 system (Rizzolatti an
Page 175 and 176: 175 REFERENCES References Adolphs,
Page 177 and 178: 177 References Avenanti, A., Bueti,
Page 179 and 180: 179 References Batson, C. D. (1991)
Page 181 and 182: 181 Bryant, G., and Barrett, H. C.
Page 183 and 184: 183 References Coslett, B. (1998).
Page 185 and 186: 185 References Donner, T. H., Kette
Page 187 and 188: 187 References Fink, G. R., Markowi
Page 189 and 190: 189 Grossenbacher, P.G., and Lovela
Page 191 and 192: 191 References Iriki, A., Tanaka, M
Page 193 and 194: 193 References Kipps, C. M., Duggin
Page 195 and 196: 195 References Marks, L. E. (1975).
Page 197 and 198: 197 References Oberman, L. M., Hubb
Page 199 and 200: 199 References Pitcher, D., Walsh,
Page 201 and 202: 201 References Russell, R., Duchain
Page 203 and 204: 203 References Seron, X., Pesenti,
Page 205 and 206: 205 Spiller, M. J., and Jansari, A.
Page 207 and 208: 207 Treisman, A. (2004). In: L. Rob
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209 Walsh, V., and Pascual-Leone, A
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211 Wildgruber, D., Riecker, A., He
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213 Appendix (4) Do you experience
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