Mirror-touch synaesthesia: the role of shared ... - UCL Discovery

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Chapter 2 52 a b 30 900 850 25 800 20 750 700 Mirror-touch Other 15 % Error Congruent Incongruent 650 600 10 550 Reaction time (ms) 500 5 450 0 Mirror-touch Syns Control 400 Controls Mirror-touch Syns c d 30 1050 1000 25 950 900 20 850 Mirror-touch Other 800 15 % Error Congruent Incongruent 750 10 700 650 Reaction time (ms) 5 600 550 0 Mirror-touch Syns Control 500 Controls Mirror-touch Syns Figure 2.4 Mean reaction time performance and percentage of error types for mirror -touch synaesthetes and non-synaesthetic control subjects observing a light flash on another person’s face (a; b) or a light flash only (c; d). ± s.e.m.
53 Results and Discussion Chapter 2 The results are summarised in Figure 2.4. Reaction times and error rates were measured. Reaction time data were filtered prior to analysis (± 3 s.d. and all errors removed). A 2 (Group) x 2 (Congruency) ANOVA conducted on reaction times revealed no significant main effects or interactions (p = > .05 in all cases; Figure 2.4a). Although the direction of the effect was the same as in Experiment 1 the effect was not significant. Analysis of the percentage of error types made by participants on human trials also revealed no significant main effects or interactions (p = > .05 in all cases; Figure 2.4b). Similarly, no significant differences were observed on control trials (Figure 2.4c, d). These findings are unlikely to be due to the fact that the flash of light is less salient than the hand, because the synaesthetes also failed to show an effect in Experiment 1 when a hand was used on a non-human object. To further validate that the performance of mirror-touch synaesthetes significantly differed between experiment 1 and 2 a within-group comparison on the size of congruency effect (incongruent minus congruent trial reaction time) shown by synaesthetes across each task was conducted. This revealed that synaesthetes showed a significantly greater effect of congruency on trials involving observed touch to a human face in experiment 1 (mean ± s.e.m = 208.24 ± 52.32 msec) compared to a flash of light shown on a human face in experiment 2 (mean ± s.e.m = 51.49 ± 34.18 msec), [t(9) = 2.98, p = < .02]. Thus the findings from Experiment 1 are related specifically to ‘observed bodily touch’ and cannot be attributed to somatotopic cueing.
Page 1 and 2: 1 Title of PhD Thesis: Mirror-touch
Page 3 and 4: 3 LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES Figure
Page 5 and 6: 5 ABSTRACT Synaesthesia is a condit
Page 7 and 8: 7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Firstly, I would
Page 9 and 10: 9 Chapter 1 aroused some interest,
Page 11 and 12: 11 Chapter 1 can skip generations (
Page 13 and 14: 13 Chapter 1 to incongruent conditi
Page 15 and 16: 15 Chapter 1 word/grapheme-colour s
Page 17 and 18: 17 Chapter 1 the outside world (com
Page 19 and 20: 19 Chapter 1 interacts with process
Page 21 and 22: 21 Chapter 1 experience is due to a
Page 23 and 24: 23 1.4.1 Synaesthesia involving tac
Page 25 and 26: 25 Chapter 1 synaesthesia reported
Page 27 and 28: 27 Chapter 1 if tactile stimulation
Page 29 and 30: 29 Chapter 1 and colleagues (2005)
Page 31 and 32: 31 Chapter 1 facial cheeks or hands
Page 33 and 34: 33 1.5 Synaesthesia and models of t
Page 35 and 36: 35 Chapter 1 the tactile mirror sys
Page 37 and 38: 37 Chapter 2 over inflated female t
Page 39 and 40: 39 Chapter 2 another person (or pos
Page 41 and 42: 41 Chapter 2 Participants were aske
Page 43 and 44: 43 Chapter 2 Figure 2.1 (a) Summary
Page 45 and 46: 45 Chapter 2 previously reported ca
Page 47 and 48: 47 Chapter 2 the previously assumed
Page 49 and 50: Chapter 2 49 a. b. * 30 * * 1150 25
Page 51: 51 Chapter 2 observing touch to the
Page 55 and 56: 55 Chapter 2 good evidence for a vi
Page 57 and 58: 57 Chapter 2 via the dorsal stream
Page 59 and 60: 59 Chapter 2 synaesthetes, touch to
Page 61 and 62: 61 Chapter 2 This distinction is si
Page 63 and 64: 63 CHAPTER 3: SENSORY PROCESSING IN
Page 65 and 66: 65 Chapter 3 there is good evidence
Page 67 and 68: 67 Chapter 3 Two coloured caps rema
Page 69 and 70: 69 Chapter 3 colour perception task
Page 71 and 72: 71 Chapter 3 p = trials correct / n
Page 73 and 74: 73 Chapter 3 discrimination of colo
Page 75 and 76: 75 Chapter 3 Leone, 2002) - further
Page 77 and 78: 77 Chapter 3 (e.g. Cohen Kadosh et
Page 79 and 80: 79 Chapter 4 Recent research has su
Page 81 and 82: 81 Chapter 4 study. All cases of mi
Page 83 and 84: 83 Chapter 4 that empathy is multi-
Page 85 and 86: 85 Chapter 4 Hlushchuk, Williams, S
Page 87 and 88: 87 Chapter 4 The BFI is a 44-item s
Page 89 and 90: 89 IRI Score 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 1
Page 91 and 92: 91 Chapter 4 extraversion [n = 120,
Page 93 and 94: 93 Chapter 4 experience by contacti
Page 95 and 96: 95 CHAPTER 5: FACIAL EXPRESSION REC
Page 97 and 98: 97 Chapter 5 others (the mirror-tou
Page 99 and 100: 99 Chapter 5 actors. Target and dis
Page 101 and 102: 101 Chapter 5 effect for face perce
Page 103 and 104:
103 5.3 Results Films Facial Expres
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Chapter 5 105 75 b 85 a Synaesthete
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Chapter 5 107 80 b 45 a Synaesthete
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109 Same-Different Expression and I
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111 Chapter 5 heightened emotion se
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113 Chapter 6 There are also import
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115 Chapter 6 overall duration of r
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117 Chapter 6 Figure 6.2 The effect
Page 119 and 120:
119 Chapter 6 is infinite (with the
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121 Chapter 6 Figure 6.5 Functional
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123 Chapter 6 Huang et al., 2009; S
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125 Chapter 7 CHAPTER 7: THE ROLE O
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127 Chapter 7 right hemisphere soma
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129 Chapter 7 University College Lo
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131 Chapter 7 Figure 7.1 Summary of
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133 Chapter 7 Figure 7.2 Summary of
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Chapter 7 135 Identity Discriminati
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137 Chapter 7 2000; Pitcher et al.,
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139 Chapter 7 Eimer, in press). The
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141 Chapter 8 subliminal exposure t
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143 Chapter 8 necessary for all or
Page 145 and 146:
145 Chapter 8 stimulated: rSI, rIFG
Page 147 and 148:
147 TMS Protocol and Site Localisat
Page 149 and 150:
149 Baseline minus cTBS RT (msec) 2
Page 151 and 152:
151 Chapter 8 recognition, but not
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153 Chapter 8 The findings that cTB
Page 155 and 156:
155 CHAPTER 9: CONCLUSIONS Chapter
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157 Chapter 9 the mirror-touch syna
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159 Chapter 9 Ramachandran, 2005; R
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161 Chapter 9 close proximity to th
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163 Chapter 9 for the specular-anat
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165 Chapter 9 non-synaesthetes, lin
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167 Chapter 9 cortical inhibition (
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169 Chapter 9 which underpin it). I
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171 Chapter 9 separate from a ‘sp
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173 Chapter 9 system (Rizzolatti an
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175 REFERENCES References Adolphs,
Page 177 and 178:
177 References Avenanti, A., Bueti,
Page 179 and 180:
179 References Batson, C. D. (1991)
Page 181 and 182:
181 Bryant, G., and Barrett, H. C.
Page 183 and 184:
183 References Coslett, B. (1998).
Page 185 and 186:
185 References Donner, T. H., Kette
Page 187 and 188:
187 References Fink, G. R., Markowi
Page 189 and 190:
189 Grossenbacher, P.G., and Lovela
Page 191 and 192:
191 References Iriki, A., Tanaka, M
Page 193 and 194:
193 References Kipps, C. M., Duggin
Page 195 and 196:
195 References Marks, L. E. (1975).
Page 197 and 198:
197 References Oberman, L. M., Hubb
Page 199 and 200:
199 References Pitcher, D., Walsh,
Page 201 and 202:
201 References Russell, R., Duchain
Page 203 and 204:
203 References Seron, X., Pesenti,
Page 205 and 206:
205 Spiller, M. J., and Jansari, A.
Page 207 and 208:
207 Treisman, A. (2004). In: L. Rob
Page 209 and 210:
209 Walsh, V., and Pascual-Leone, A
Page 211 and 212:
211 Wildgruber, D., Riecker, A., He
Page 213 and 214:
213 Appendix (4) Do you experience
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