Mirror-touch synaesthesia: the role of shared ... - UCL Discovery

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94 Chapter 4 (Nummenmaa et al., 2008) and neuropsychological findings (Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009) which indicate that emotional empathy may be linked more closely to sensorimotor simulation of another’s state.
95 CHAPTER 5: FACIAL EXPRESSION RECOGNITION IN MIRROR-TOUCH SYNAESTHESIA Chapter 5 The findings from chapter 4 indicate that mirror-touch synaesthesia is linked with heightened affective empathy. Simulation models of expression recognition contend that in order to understand another’s facial expressions individuals map the perceived expression onto the same sensorimotor representations which are active during the experience of the perceived emotion. To investigate this view, the present study examines facial expression and identity recognition abilities in mirror-touch synaesthesia. Mirror-touch synaesthetes outperformed non-synaesthetic controls on measures of facial expression recognition, but not on control measures of face memory or face perception. These findings imply a role for sensorimotor simulation in the recognition of facial affect, but not facial identity. 5.1 Introduction The ability to perceive a face is one of the most highly developed visual skills in humans, important not only for our ability to recognise the identity of others but also to facilitate social interaction. Neurocognitive models of face perception highlight the role of a number of face-specific and domain-general mechanisms in this process, and distinguish between those involved in the recognition of facial identity and those involved in the recognition of expressions at different stages of cortical processing (Bruce and Young, 1986; Calder and Young, 2005; Haxby, Hoffman, and Gobbini, 2000). Simulation accounts of expression recognition contend that to understand another’s facial emotion the observer simulates the sensorimotor response associated with generating the perceived facial expression (Adolphs, 2002; Adolphs, 2003; Gallese, Keysers, and Rizzolatti, 2004; Goldman, and Sripada, 2005; Keysers and Gazzola, 2006). This is supported by evidence that electromyographic responses in expression relevant facial muscles are increased during subliminal exposure to emotional expressions (Dimberg, Thunberg, and Elmehed, 2000); that preventing the
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1 Title of PhD Thesis: Mirror-touch
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3 LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES Figure
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5 ABSTRACT Synaesthesia is a condit
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7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Firstly, I would
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9 Chapter 1 aroused some interest,
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11 Chapter 1 can skip generations (
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13 Chapter 1 to incongruent conditi
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15 Chapter 1 word/grapheme-colour s
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17 Chapter 1 the outside world (com
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19 Chapter 1 interacts with process
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21 Chapter 1 experience is due to a
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23 1.4.1 Synaesthesia involving tac
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25 Chapter 1 synaesthesia reported
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27 Chapter 1 if tactile stimulation
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29 Chapter 1 and colleagues (2005)
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31 Chapter 1 facial cheeks or hands
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33 1.5 Synaesthesia and models of t
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35 Chapter 1 the tactile mirror sys
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37 Chapter 2 over inflated female t
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39 Chapter 2 another person (or pos
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41 Chapter 2 Participants were aske
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Page 61 and 62: 61 Chapter 2 This distinction is si
Page 63 and 64: 63 CHAPTER 3: SENSORY PROCESSING IN
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Page 67 and 68: 67 Chapter 3 Two coloured caps rema
Page 69 and 70: 69 Chapter 3 colour perception task
Page 71 and 72: 71 Chapter 3 p = trials correct / n
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Page 81 and 82: 81 Chapter 4 study. All cases of mi
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Page 85 and 86: 85 Chapter 4 Hlushchuk, Williams, S
Page 87 and 88: 87 Chapter 4 The BFI is a 44-item s
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Page 115 and 116: 115 Chapter 6 overall duration of r
Page 117 and 118: 117 Chapter 6 Figure 6.2 The effect
Page 119 and 120: 119 Chapter 6 is infinite (with the
Page 121 and 122: 121 Chapter 6 Figure 6.5 Functional
Page 123 and 124: 123 Chapter 6 Huang et al., 2009; S
Page 125 and 126: 125 Chapter 7 CHAPTER 7: THE ROLE O
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Page 129 and 130: 129 Chapter 7 University College Lo
Page 131 and 132: 131 Chapter 7 Figure 7.1 Summary of
Page 133 and 134: 133 Chapter 7 Figure 7.2 Summary of
Page 135 and 136: Chapter 7 135 Identity Discriminati
Page 137 and 138: 137 Chapter 7 2000; Pitcher et al.,
Page 139 and 140: 139 Chapter 7 Eimer, in press). The
Page 141 and 142: 141 Chapter 8 subliminal exposure t
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145 Chapter 8 stimulated: rSI, rIFG
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147 TMS Protocol and Site Localisat
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149 Baseline minus cTBS RT (msec) 2
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151 Chapter 8 recognition, but not
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153 Chapter 8 The findings that cTB
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155 CHAPTER 9: CONCLUSIONS Chapter
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157 Chapter 9 the mirror-touch syna
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159 Chapter 9 Ramachandran, 2005; R
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161 Chapter 9 close proximity to th
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163 Chapter 9 for the specular-anat
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165 Chapter 9 non-synaesthetes, lin
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167 Chapter 9 cortical inhibition (
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169 Chapter 9 which underpin it). I
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171 Chapter 9 separate from a ‘sp
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173 Chapter 9 system (Rizzolatti an
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175 REFERENCES References Adolphs,
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177 References Avenanti, A., Bueti,
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179 References Batson, C. D. (1991)
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181 Bryant, G., and Barrett, H. C.
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183 References Coslett, B. (1998).
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185 References Donner, T. H., Kette
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187 References Fink, G. R., Markowi
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189 Grossenbacher, P.G., and Lovela
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191 References Iriki, A., Tanaka, M
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193 References Kipps, C. M., Duggin
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195 References Marks, L. E. (1975).
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197 References Oberman, L. M., Hubb
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199 References Pitcher, D., Walsh,
Page 201 and 202:
201 References Russell, R., Duchain
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203 References Seron, X., Pesenti,
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205 Spiller, M. J., and Jansari, A.
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207 Treisman, A. (2004). In: L. Rob
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209 Walsh, V., and Pascual-Leone, A
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211 Wildgruber, D., Riecker, A., He
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213 Appendix (4) Do you experience
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