Mirror-touch synaesthesia: the role of shared ... - UCL Discovery

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22 Chapter 1 synaesthesia is debatable (e.g. see Jäncke et al., 2009) and the extent to which these differences extend to other variants of synaesthesia (e.g. mirror-touch synaesthesia) or play a causal role in generating synaesthetic experience remains unknown. In contrast to aberrant cortical connectivity accounts, other authors have argued in favour of feedback accounts of synaesthesia which explain the condition in terms of malfunctions in cortical inhibition, either within (Cohen Kadosh and Henik, 2007; Cohen Kadosh and Walsh, 2008) or between brain regions (e.g. from a multisensory cortical nexus; Grossenbacher and Lovelace, 2001). According to this view, synaesthesia is mediated by the same cortical pathways that exist in the non- synaesthetes’ brain (i.e. aberrant connectivity is not necessary to induce synaesthesia), but unmasking of these pathways due to alterations in cortical inhibition results in synaesthetic experience (Grossenbacher and Lovelace, 2001; Cohen Kadosh and Walsh, 2006; Cohen Kadosh and Henik, 2007; Cohen Kadosh and Walsh, 2008; Cohen Kadosh, Henik, Catena, Walsh, and Fuetnes, 2009). Evidence that TMS disruption of the parietal lobe impairs synaesthetic stroop performance (Esterman et al., 2006; Muggleton et al., 2007); that synaesthetic-like experiences can be induced following hallucinogenic drugs (i.e. in the absence of altered cortical connectivity; Aghajanian and Marek, 1999); and that colour synaesthesia can be induced in non- synaesthetes (individuals without aberrant connectivity) using post-hypnotic suggestion (Cohen Kadosh et al., 2009) are consistent with this. 1.4 Synaesthesia involving touch Synaesthesia involving touch has been less well documented than other variants of synaesthesia. Despite this, there are some reports of both developmental and acquired synaesthesia involving either a tactile inducer or concurrent. These cases are discussed below.
23 1.4.1 Synaesthesia involving tactile inducers Chapter 1 To date much research on synaesthesia involving tactile inducers has centred on cases of touch-vision synaesthesia in which touch results in visualised photisms. For example, Armel and Ramachandran (2001) report a case of acquired touch-vision synaesthesia shown by a patient who suffered blindness due to retinitis pigmentosa. One year after becoming completely blind the patient began to experience synaesthetic visual photisms from haptic stimuli. Such sensations were projected onto the spatial location of the body part touched irrespective of the location of the body part in space (e.g. a touch to the right hand in left space would elicit photisms in left space). Detailed investigations indicated that the intensity of tactile stimulation required to induce synaesthesia was lower when body parts were presented in front of the patient relative to behind the head (i.e. moving the hands from in front of the head to behind the head), suggesting that despite the patient being blind a preference was shown for when the inducer was “in view”. This may be indicative of a body-based spatial reference that incorporates information about gaze and head orientation. Such findings are consistent with evidence from non-synaesthetes on normal multi-sensory interactions between touch and vision indicating that the spatial reference frame which processes current hand position is modulated by gaze direction (Armel and Ramachandran, 2001). In addition to this, cases of blind synaesthetes for whom Braille reading elicits a visual concurrent have been reported (Wheeler and Cutsforth, 1921; Steven and Blakemore, 2004). In the latter case, synaesthete JF, who suffered from retinitis pigmentosa leading to blindness, consistently experienced coloured visual photisms both when reading Braille and when thinking about Braille characters (Steven and Blakemore, 2004). Similar geometrical arrangements of Braille dots evoked similar
Page 1 and 2: 1 Title of PhD Thesis: Mirror-touch
Page 3 and 4: 3 LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES Figure
Page 5 and 6: 5 ABSTRACT Synaesthesia is a condit
Page 7 and 8: 7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Firstly, I would
Page 9 and 10: 9 Chapter 1 aroused some interest,
Page 11 and 12: 11 Chapter 1 can skip generations (
Page 13 and 14: 13 Chapter 1 to incongruent conditi
Page 15 and 16: 15 Chapter 1 word/grapheme-colour s
Page 17 and 18: 17 Chapter 1 the outside world (com
Page 19 and 20: 19 Chapter 1 interacts with process
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Page 29 and 30: 29 Chapter 1 and colleagues (2005)
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Page 33 and 34: 33 1.5 Synaesthesia and models of t
Page 35 and 36: 35 Chapter 1 the tactile mirror sys
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Page 39 and 40: 39 Chapter 2 another person (or pos
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Page 43 and 44: 43 Chapter 2 Figure 2.1 (a) Summary
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Page 53 and 54: 53 Results and Discussion Chapter 2
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Page 63 and 64: 63 CHAPTER 3: SENSORY PROCESSING IN
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73 Chapter 3 discrimination of colo
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75 Chapter 3 Leone, 2002) - further
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77 Chapter 3 (e.g. Cohen Kadosh et
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79 Chapter 4 Recent research has su
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81 Chapter 4 study. All cases of mi
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83 Chapter 4 that empathy is multi-
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85 Chapter 4 Hlushchuk, Williams, S
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87 Chapter 4 The BFI is a 44-item s
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89 IRI Score 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 1
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91 Chapter 4 extraversion [n = 120,
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93 Chapter 4 experience by contacti
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95 CHAPTER 5: FACIAL EXPRESSION REC
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97 Chapter 5 others (the mirror-tou
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99 Chapter 5 actors. Target and dis
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101 Chapter 5 effect for face perce
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103 5.3 Results Films Facial Expres
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Chapter 5 105 75 b 85 a Synaesthete
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Chapter 5 107 80 b 45 a Synaesthete
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109 Same-Different Expression and I
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111 Chapter 5 heightened emotion se
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113 Chapter 6 There are also import
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115 Chapter 6 overall duration of r
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117 Chapter 6 Figure 6.2 The effect
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119 Chapter 6 is infinite (with the
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121 Chapter 6 Figure 6.5 Functional
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123 Chapter 6 Huang et al., 2009; S
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125 Chapter 7 CHAPTER 7: THE ROLE O
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127 Chapter 7 right hemisphere soma
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129 Chapter 7 University College Lo
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131 Chapter 7 Figure 7.1 Summary of
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133 Chapter 7 Figure 7.2 Summary of
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Chapter 7 135 Identity Discriminati
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137 Chapter 7 2000; Pitcher et al.,
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139 Chapter 7 Eimer, in press). The
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141 Chapter 8 subliminal exposure t
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143 Chapter 8 necessary for all or
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145 Chapter 8 stimulated: rSI, rIFG
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147 TMS Protocol and Site Localisat
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149 Baseline minus cTBS RT (msec) 2
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151 Chapter 8 recognition, but not
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153 Chapter 8 The findings that cTB
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155 CHAPTER 9: CONCLUSIONS Chapter
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157 Chapter 9 the mirror-touch syna
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159 Chapter 9 Ramachandran, 2005; R
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161 Chapter 9 close proximity to th
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163 Chapter 9 for the specular-anat
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165 Chapter 9 non-synaesthetes, lin
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167 Chapter 9 cortical inhibition (
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169 Chapter 9 which underpin it). I
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171 Chapter 9 separate from a ‘sp
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173 Chapter 9 system (Rizzolatti an
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175 REFERENCES References Adolphs,
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177 References Avenanti, A., Bueti,
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179 References Batson, C. D. (1991)
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181 Bryant, G., and Barrett, H. C.
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183 References Coslett, B. (1998).
Page 185 and 186:
185 References Donner, T. H., Kette
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187 References Fink, G. R., Markowi
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189 Grossenbacher, P.G., and Lovela
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191 References Iriki, A., Tanaka, M
Page 193 and 194:
193 References Kipps, C. M., Duggin
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195 References Marks, L. E. (1975).
Page 197 and 198:
197 References Oberman, L. M., Hubb
Page 199 and 200:
199 References Pitcher, D., Walsh,
Page 201 and 202:
201 References Russell, R., Duchain
Page 203 and 204:
203 References Seron, X., Pesenti,
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205 Spiller, M. J., and Jansari, A.
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207 Treisman, A. (2004). In: L. Rob
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209 Walsh, V., and Pascual-Leone, A
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211 Wildgruber, D., Riecker, A., He
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213 Appendix (4) Do you experience
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