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A Self-Learning Manual - Institution of Engineers Mauritius

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A <strong>Self</strong>-<strong>Learning</strong> <strong>Manual</strong><br />

Mastering Different Fields <strong>of</strong> Civil Engineering Works (VC-Q&A Method) Vincent T. H. CHU<br />

On-seating head refers to the water pressure forcing the penstock into the<br />

wall while <strong>of</strong>f-seating head refers to the water pressure forcing the<br />

penstock out <strong>of</strong> the wall as shown below.<br />

Fig. On-seating (left) and <strong>of</strong>f-seating head (right)<br />

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