A Self-Learning Manual - Institution of Engineers Mauritius

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A Self-Learning Manual Mastering Different Fields of Civil Engineering Works (VC-Q&A Method) Vincent T. H. CHU Fig. Different locations of shear key in retaining wall 5. Are layers of granular fill and rock fill essential at the base of concrete retaining walls? (RW4) It is not uncommon that granular fill layers and rockfill layers are placed beneath the bottom of concrete retaining walls. The purpose of such provision is to spread the loading in view of insufficient bearing capacity of foundation material to sustain the loads of retaining walls. Upon placing of granular fill layers and rockfill layers, the same imposed loads are supported by a larger area of founding material and hence the stress exerted by loads is reduced accordingly. Layers of granular fill and rockfill materials are not standard details of concrete retaining wall. If we are fully satisfied that the founding material could support the loads arising from retaining walls, it is not necessary to provide these layers of granular fill and rockfill materials. 6. How does pressure distribution vary under rigid and flexible footings? (RW5) For thick and rigid footings, the pressure distribution under the footings is normally assumed to be linear. If uniform and symmetrical loadings are exerted on the footings, the bearing pressure is uniformly distributed. However, if unsymmetrical loads are encountered, then a trapezoidal shape of bearing reaction would result. For flexible footings on weak and compressible soils, the bearing pressures under footing would not be linear. As such, a detailed 312
A Self-Learning Manual Mastering Different Fields of Civil Engineering Works (VC-Q&A Method) Vincent T. H. CHU investigation of soil pressures is required in order to determine the bending moment and shear forces of the structure. 7. What is the function of mortar in brick walls? A typical brick wall structure normally contains the following components: (i) a coping on top of the brick wall to protect it from weather; (ii) a firm foundation to support the loads on the brick wall; and (iii) a damp course near the base of the brick wall to avoid the occurrence of rising damp from the ground. Bricks are bedded on mortar which serves the following purposes [66]: (i) bond the bricks as a single unit to help resist lateral loads; (ii) render the brick wall weatherproof and waterproof; and (iii) provide even beds to enhance uniform distribution of loads. Fig. Brick wall 8. How could counterforts in counterfort retaining wall assist in resisting earth pressure? (RW7) Counterforts are used for high walls with height greater than 8 to 12 m. They are also used in situations where there is high lateral pressure, i.e. where the backfill soils are heavily surcharged. The counterforts tie the base slab and wall stem together and they act as tension bracing which strengthen the connection between wall and base slab. The counterforts help to reduce bending moment and shear forces 313
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A Self-Learning Manual - Institution of Engineers Mauritius

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