Twenty-eighth Report Adapting Institutions to Climate Change Cm ...

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Appendix A a) What form will this resilience take? b) How resilient to climate change does the UK want the natural environment to be? How resilient does it need to be to continue providing the services upon which society depends? c) To what extent is it possible to build in levels of resilience sufficient to deal with potentially catastrophic events induced by climate change? Natural responses and thresholds Q7) The natural environment will respond to climate change in the absence of any human interventions. When considering the adaptation of the natural environment, when might a ‘do nothing’ option be appropriate, whereby natural systems are left to respond without intervention? Q8) In the natural world, there will be thresholds of response to climate change, which are defined by the IPCC as “the point where stress on an exposed system or activity, if exceeded, results in a non-linear response in that system or activity”. ii a) Should thresholds of response to climate change be identified for the natural environment and, if so, how should this be done and by whom? b) What would be an ‘unacceptable’ level of change to the natural environment? What are the key criteria which should underpin judgments of acceptability in this context? Institutional arrangements for environmental conservation Q9) How will adaptation of the natural environment interact with (either negatively or positively) adaptation responses in the major land uses (such as agriculture, water resource management, energy production, forestry, urban development, infrastructure) and what institutional arrangements, if any, are needed to facilitate changes in land use to support adaptation to climate change? Q10) As the climate changes, so the land, aquatic and coastal environments will change, including those areas protected for biodiversity and conservation. The RCEP is interested to understand what this means for conservation policies and whether the current arrangements enable or inhibit adaptation of the natural environment. a) If the nature of existing protected areas changes as the climate changes, what does this mean for current conservation policy? b) With regards to site-specific conservation policies, what should be protected now and in the future, especially if the present site is bound to change? How can a range of resilient habitats be provided to conserve biodiversity? c) How should current arrangements (such as protected areas or wildlife law) for the protection of species and habitats be adapted to ensure that the natural environment can adapt to climate change? ii Taken from IPCC WGII AR4 Section 2.3.1. 134
Values relating to the natural environment Q11) How society perceives and interacts with the environment is different in each country, and within the different regions and sectors of that country. The values and attitudes of society will ultimately underpin its response to climate change. a) How will climate change affect how society perceives and values the natural environment? b) As the climate changes, it is likely that non-native (or alien – see section on definitions later) species will migrate into the UK. When and how do previously non-native species come to be regarded as part of the UK’s native biodiversity, and what will this mean for the UK? c) Is the legal framework for species and habitat protection adequate for dealing with invasive non-native species under climate change? Opportunities presented by the changing natural environment Q12) Whilst much of the debate is focused on how humans can help protect the natural environment as it responds to climate change, how can the changes to the natural environment be used to help UK society adapt to climate change? Institutional Arrangements and Capacities When considering institutional capacities and arrangements, the Commission would be particularly grateful if the answers are framed in terms of the three exemplar issues discussed above: biodiversity, nature conservation and protected areas; sea level and coastal zones; and freshwater. Institutional adaptive capacity Q13) To what extent do UK institutions and organisations recognise and understand their dependence on the natural environment, and how this affects their capacity and capability to adapt? Are there examples of organisations in the UK that have quantified their level of dependence? Q14) Does the UK have the right capacities and institutional arrangements to be able to identify the changes to which it should be adapting? Q15) What are the relative roles of government, communities, individuals, civil society, and/or companies with regards adapting to climate change for the three exemplar issues? For example, is there too much of a focus on institutional responses and needs versus understanding of individual concerns and needs? Q16) As society adapts to climate change, decisions will need to be made as to what is an appropriate range of adaptation objectives and responses. a) What should be the key objectives of climate change adaptation strategies for the three exemplars? b) What should be the criteria for determining appropriate adaptation objectives and the responses that would meet these objectives for the three exemplars? c) How should different adaptation objectives and responses be prioritised for the three exemplars? 135 Appendix A
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Adapting Institutions to Climate Ch
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The cover image of an adaptation sn
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ROYAL COMMISSION ON ENVIRONMENTAL P
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Contents vii Paragraph Page Chapter
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Specific institutional arrangements
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1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Chapter 1 INTRO
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1.9 1.10 What is adaptation? The In
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1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22 Secondly, much
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every circumstance. However, the Co
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2.15 Average global sea levels are
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UKCP09 projections differ from thos
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level) and those which are only lik
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FIGURE 2-II Projected changes to wi
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2.29 Some of the projected temperat
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FIGURE 2-IV Change in observed temp
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2.52 2.53 2.54 2.55 2.56 2.57 oxyge
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2.63 2.64 2.65 2.66 Not only are ha
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2.73 BOX 2D FACTORS AFFECTING THE C
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y the changing climate as sea level
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BIODIVERSITY SUMMARY OF THE IMPACTS
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climate change”. 70 The new speci
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assemblages of conservation importa
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3.7 3.8 action 1 encourages Member
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3.12 FIGURE 3-I Governance structur
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3.14 FIGURE 3-III Climate change im
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3.19 significant role in determinin
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their LAA targets. Making use of qu
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3.31 3.32 3.33 3.34 3.35 Anyone wis
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3.40 3.41 3.42 nature. 39 Other und
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3.47 For each of the exemplars, nat
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3.52 3.53 3.54 River Glaven). The a
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3.60 Planning future provision rais
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3.68 3.69 3.70 ordinary watercourse
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3.73 3.74 3.75 3.76 members of the
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3.84 3.85 3.86 3.87 74 SMPs have a
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3.94 Defra announced on 1 December
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3.101 More than 250 Special Protect
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INTRODUCTION 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Chapte
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4.11 4.12 Figure 4-I also introduce
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PATH DEPENDENCY 4.18 4.19 4.20 4.21
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4.25 4.26 4.27 Another way of consi
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Efficiency 4.36 Efficiency is about
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4.47 4.48 4.49 participation. We re
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4.53 The key elements of framing th
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4.55 next. The Council observed tha
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overarching strategic framework set
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Page 97 and 98: 4.88 4.89 from flooding. Hot-spots
Page 99 and 100: BOX 4G LEGAL ASPECTS OF COASTAL PRO
Page 101 and 102: communicative learning in terms of
Page 103 and 104: is not limited to a single departme
Page 105 and 106: INTRODUCTION 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.
Page 107 and 108: 5.11 A number of our recommendation
Page 109 and 110: 5.23 5.24 The Climate Change Act 20
Page 111 and 112: 5.34 5.35 5.36 5.37 Two of our earl
Page 113 and 114: 5.46 The Commission recommends that
Page 115 and 116: 5.57 understood in order that it ca
Page 117 and 118: 5.67 5.68 5.69 5.70 There is no obv
Page 119 and 120: 5.79 underpin the need for the gove
Page 121 and 122: BOX 5A AN INDICATIVE LIST OF TEN QU
Page 123 and 124: CHAPTER 1 References 1 Royal Commis
Page 125 and 126: 27 Data from the UK Climate Project
Page 127 and 128: 66 Willis, S.G., Hill, J.K., Thomas
Page 129 and 130: 13 Ibid, page 12. 14 For further de
Page 131 and 132: 51 Ofwat (2009). Final Determinatio
Page 133 and 134: CHAPTER 4 1 Brooks, N. and Adger, W
Page 135 and 136: 37 There is an extensive literature
Page 137 and 138: 4 Greater London Authority Act 2007
Page 139 and 140: The European Commission has publish
Page 141 and 142: The study will, therefore, draw on
Page 143: Range of climate change Q2) There a
Page 147 and 148: Adaptive capacity (also referred to
Page 149 and 150: species that might survive and subs
Page 151 and 152: Appendix B CONDUCT OF THE STUDY In
Page 153 and 154: Forestry Commission Grantham Instit
Page 155 and 156: UK Collaborative on Development Sci
Page 157 and 158: VISITS During the course of the stu
Page 159 and 160: Mark Williams Scottish Water Ruth W
Page 161 and 162: CHAIRMAN Appendix D MEMBERS OF THE
Page 163 and 164: PROFESSOR MARIA LEE Professor of
Page 165 and 166: PROFESSOR JOANNE SCOTT Professor
Page 167 and 168: Abbreviations ACC Adapting to Clima
Page 169 and 170: SPA Special Protection Area SSSI Si
Page 171 and 172: Biodiversity Action Plan 2.99 Birds
Page 173 and 174: supply and treatment of 3.55 Englan
Page 175 and 176: water supply and wastewater treatme
Page 177 and 178: institutional arrangements adaptati
Page 179 and 180: UK Climate Impacts Programme (UKCIP
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