Twenty-eighth Report Adapting Institutions to Climate Change Cm ...

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Chapter 3 of ‘European Sites’ and the protection of ‘species of Community importance’. (The equivalent Northern Ireland regulations are the Conservation (Natural Habitats, etc.) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 1995.) Figure 3-VIII shows some of the bodies and legislative frameworks responsible for conservation management in England and Wales. FIGURE 3-VIII Overview of institutional arrangements for delivering conservation management in the UK 84 The diagram illustrates the many different sectors that are involved in developing and delivering conservation objectives in the UK. Each box is an over-simplification because links between the different sectors and hierarchies between legal mechanisms have been omitted. Examples are given under each heading in the three main boxes; these are not exhaustive and are included to give an indication of the complexity involved. xii Policy Areas xii For a list of abbreviations used, see page 157. Legislation Implementation 62 Players
3.101 More than 250 Special Protection Areas (SPAs) covering 1,600,000 hectares have been protected under the Birds Directive and more than 600 Special Areas of Conservation (SACs) covering 2,600,000 hectares have been protected under the Habitats Directive. These UK sites contribute to the European Natura 2000 network of areas of high conservation importance. In all, nearly 10% of the UK’s terrestrial and freshwater environment is protected under these international designations or as Local or National Nature Reserves and SSSIs/ASSIs. While the patchwork of designated sites was not established in the context of a changing climate, the resulting network is clearly an important framework for incorporation into adaptation strategies. 3.102 Until relatively recently, the institutional arrangements for marine conservation were different from those applying on land, and the conservation bodies had only a limited remit for marine areas. The Birds and Habitats Directives changed this so that there are now comparable legal measures for marine and terrestrial species and habitats at the European level. The area of the marine environment protected by statutory designations is currently much lower than for terrestrial sites – perhaps only in the region of 2% – but with the implementation of the new Marine and Coastal Access Act, and the Marine (Scotland) Bill currently before the Scottish Parliament, this should begin to change. 3.103 The underlying policy for nature conservation has gradually changed over the years but these changes have not been explicitly recognised in legislation. The original thinking focused on the concept of ‘natural beauty’ expressed in terms of scientific or aesthetic interest. Most recently the concept of ecosystem services has gained credence and nature conservation bodies have changed their agendas accordingly. However, there has been little consideration of what these different approaches actually mean for the future of biodiversity. Existing legal and institutional arrangements are being used to deliver very different objectives without any fundamental assessment of their appropriateness. 3.104 In recognition that climate change is an important challenge facing biodiversity in this country, the Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs recently announced a review of ecological networks in England which may go some way towards addressing the appropriateness of existing protected area mechanisms. xiii Furthermore, ‘Securing Biodiversity’ is a new framework in which Defra and its non-departmental public bodies (NDPBs) are seeking to address the conservation needs of individual species, wherever possible through habitat management – and this brings with it a range of further benefits from the ecosystem services that those habitats provide. 85 This is complemented by the landscape-scale approach to habitat restoration that is now being taken (in part) to enable biodiversity to adapt to climate change. xiv 3.105 As we have described in the previous chapter, climate change will result in dramatic changes to our flora and fauna, in terms of species composition, abundance and distribution. Thinking on how to deliver conservation under changing environmental conditions has focused on the need to be flexible and has tended to lead to discussions about landscape-level measures, wildlife corridors and a ‘space for nature’ – a protected space where organisms can find refuge in a changing world. There has been no discussion of what society might want from biodiversity in the future; for example, how much need will there be for open recreational spaces, and will protected areas xiii Declaration of Interest: The review of ecological networks is being chaired by Sir John Lawton, Chairman of the Commission. xiv See, for example, the work of the Wildlife Trusts described in 3.107. 63 Chapter 3
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Adapting Institutions to Climate Ch
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The cover image of an adaptation sn
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ROYAL COMMISSION ON ENVIRONMENTAL P
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Contents vii Paragraph Page Chapter
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Specific institutional arrangements
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1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Chapter 1 INTRO
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1.9 1.10 What is adaptation? The In
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1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22 Secondly, much
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every circumstance. However, the Co
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2.15 Average global sea levels are
Page 21 and 22: UKCP09 projections differ from thos
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Page 25 and 26: FIGURE 2-II Projected changes to wi
Page 27 and 28: 2.29 Some of the projected temperat
Page 29 and 30: FIGURE 2-IV Change in observed temp
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Page 33 and 34: 2.63 2.64 2.65 2.66 Not only are ha
Page 35 and 36: 2.73 BOX 2D FACTORS AFFECTING THE C
Page 37 and 38: y the changing climate as sea level
Page 39 and 40: BIODIVERSITY SUMMARY OF THE IMPACTS
Page 41 and 42: climate change”. 70 The new speci
Page 43 and 44: assemblages of conservation importa
Page 45 and 46: 3.7 3.8 action 1 encourages Member
Page 47 and 48: 3.12 FIGURE 3-I Governance structur
Page 49 and 50: 3.14 FIGURE 3-III Climate change im
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Page 53 and 54: their LAA targets. Making use of qu
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Page 57 and 58: 3.40 3.41 3.42 nature. 39 Other und
Page 59 and 60: 3.47 For each of the exemplars, nat
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Page 63 and 64: 3.60 Planning future provision rais
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Page 67 and 68: 3.73 3.74 3.75 3.76 members of the
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Page 75 and 76: INTRODUCTION 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Chapte
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Page 81 and 82: 4.25 4.26 4.27 Another way of consi
Page 83 and 84: Efficiency 4.36 Efficiency is about
Page 85 and 86: 4.47 4.48 4.49 participation. We re
Page 87 and 88: 4.53 The key elements of framing th
Page 89 and 90: 4.55 next. The Council observed tha
Page 91 and 92: overarching strategic framework set
Page 93 and 94: 4.70 There was a dilemma running th
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Page 97 and 98: 4.88 4.89 from flooding. Hot-spots
Page 99 and 100: BOX 4G LEGAL ASPECTS OF COASTAL PRO
Page 101 and 102: communicative learning in terms of
Page 103 and 104: is not limited to a single departme
Page 105 and 106: INTRODUCTION 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.
Page 107 and 108: 5.11 A number of our recommendation
Page 109 and 110: 5.23 5.24 The Climate Change Act 20
Page 111 and 112: 5.34 5.35 5.36 5.37 Two of our earl
Page 113 and 114: 5.46 The Commission recommends that
Page 115 and 116: 5.57 understood in order that it ca
Page 117 and 118: 5.67 5.68 5.69 5.70 There is no obv
Page 119 and 120: 5.79 underpin the need for the gove
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CHAPTER 1 References 1 Royal Commis
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27 Data from the UK Climate Project
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66 Willis, S.G., Hill, J.K., Thomas
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13 Ibid, page 12. 14 For further de
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51 Ofwat (2009). Final Determinatio
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CHAPTER 4 1 Brooks, N. and Adger, W
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37 There is an extensive literature
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4 Greater London Authority Act 2007
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The European Commission has publish
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The study will, therefore, draw on
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Range of climate change Q2) There a
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Values relating to the natural envi
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Adaptive capacity (also referred to
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species that might survive and subs
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Appendix B CONDUCT OF THE STUDY In
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Forestry Commission Grantham Instit
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UK Collaborative on Development Sci
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VISITS During the course of the stu
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Mark Williams Scottish Water Ruth W
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CHAIRMAN Appendix D MEMBERS OF THE
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PROFESSOR MARIA LEE Professor of
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PROFESSOR JOANNE SCOTT Professor
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Abbreviations ACC Adapting to Clima
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SPA Special Protection Area SSSI Si
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Biodiversity Action Plan 2.99 Birds
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supply and treatment of 3.55 Englan
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water supply and wastewater treatme
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institutional arrangements adaptati
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UK Climate Impacts Programme (UKCIP
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