Twenty-eighth Report Adapting Institutions to Climate Change Cm ...

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Chapter 3 Water supply and wastewater treatment 3.55 Water supply and wastewater collection and treatment are undertaken by diverse utilities in the UK: by private sector companies in England, by a company limited by guarantee in Wales, viii and by government-owned companies in Scotland and Northern Ireland. Water companies operate within a statutory framework which imposes a number of duties on them, e.g. to ensure that domestic customers are provided with wholesome water. Private sector companies must also reflect the requirements of their shareholders. Guaranteeing adequate supplies of freshwater requires investment in reservoirs and other infrastructure, as well as in measures to encourage efficiency of use. 3.56 3.57 3.58 3.59 The water utilities work within well established environmental and economic regulatory frameworks (Figure 3-V). For example, as mentioned in 3.49, the Environment Agency has prepared a water resources strategy for England and Wales ix which sets out medium- and long-term considerations for management. The Agency also issues consents both for the abstraction of water from rivers or groundwater and for the discharge of wastewater back into rivers or the sea. Water companies are subject to regulation by economic regulators – the Water Services Regulation Authority (Ofwat) in England and Wales, the Water Industry Commission in Scotland and the Utility Regulator in Northern Ireland. x The focus of economic regulation is to further the interests of customers (both those of today and of tomorrow), to secure the financial sustainability of water and sewerage services, and to contribute to sustainable development. The emphasis has tended to be on customers and services, but there is a growing awareness of the need to address adaptation. 51 Water resource management plans, which are now required on a statutory basis, allow each water company in England and Wales to set out how it will meet water demand up to 2035 and deal with factors such as changes in climate and population. Draft plans have been subject to consultation and will be finalised in 2009 and 2010. These plans will become vital to work on adaptation because they will include projections of current and future demand for water that are based on climate change and other considerations such as population and household size. A balance has to be struck between the objectives of economic and environmental regulation. In England the Defra policy document Future Water sought to give guidance on this balance for the current review of water pricing. 52 In Wales, the Strategic Policy Position Statement on Water sets out the Assembly Government’s priorities on water, including affordability. 53 However, a tension could well occur in future as the need to build in adaptation becomes more apparent, particularly as it becomes necessary to invest now for infrastructure which may be necessary to cope with a changed climate in decades to come. viii The situation is in practice more complicated, since water supply areas do not match national boundaries. For example, D ˆwr Cymru Welsh Water provides services in parts of England, and Severn Trent Water provides services in parts of Wales. ix There is also a separate Water Resources Strategy for Wales. See http://grdp.org/research/library/publications/40731. aspx. Accessed 16 February 2010. x Declaration of Interest: A member of the Commission is the Chair of the Utility Regulator for Northern Ireland. 52
3.60 Planning future provision raises difficult issues over the attitude and appetite for risk – for example, in a situation of uncertainty is it more appropriate to build significant capacity at the outset to meet all foreseen needs, or to rely on modular approaches which allow incremental investment as the future unfolds but with the risk that there will be less time to respond? This also raises important issues about how the cost of meeting future needs should be spread across generations. FIGURE 3-V Network diagram illustrating the complexity of the current organisation of institutions relevant to the water sector for England and Wales 54 Defra Drinking Water Inspectorate Water utilities Environment Agency Other water users 53 Ofwat Natural England and the Countryside Council for Wales Regional and local government Consumer Council for Water Competition Commission Chapter 3
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Adapting Institutions to Climate Ch
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The cover image of an adaptation sn
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ROYAL COMMISSION ON ENVIRONMENTAL P
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Contents vii Paragraph Page Chapter
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Specific institutional arrangements
Page 11 and 12: 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Chapter 1 INTRO
Page 13 and 14: 1.9 1.10 What is adaptation? The In
Page 15 and 16: 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22 Secondly, much
Page 17 and 18: every circumstance. However, the Co
Page 19 and 20: 2.15 Average global sea levels are
Page 21 and 22: UKCP09 projections differ from thos
Page 23 and 24: level) and those which are only lik
Page 25 and 26: FIGURE 2-II Projected changes to wi
Page 27 and 28: 2.29 Some of the projected temperat
Page 29 and 30: FIGURE 2-IV Change in observed temp
Page 31 and 32: 2.52 2.53 2.54 2.55 2.56 2.57 oxyge
Page 33 and 34: 2.63 2.64 2.65 2.66 Not only are ha
Page 35 and 36: 2.73 BOX 2D FACTORS AFFECTING THE C
Page 37 and 38: y the changing climate as sea level
Page 39 and 40: BIODIVERSITY SUMMARY OF THE IMPACTS
Page 41 and 42: climate change”. 70 The new speci
Page 43 and 44: assemblages of conservation importa
Page 45 and 46: 3.7 3.8 action 1 encourages Member
Page 47 and 48: 3.12 FIGURE 3-I Governance structur
Page 49 and 50: 3.14 FIGURE 3-III Climate change im
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Page 53 and 54: their LAA targets. Making use of qu
Page 55 and 56: 3.31 3.32 3.33 3.34 3.35 Anyone wis
Page 57 and 58: 3.40 3.41 3.42 nature. 39 Other und
Page 59 and 60: 3.47 For each of the exemplars, nat
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Page 75 and 76: INTRODUCTION 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Chapte
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Page 81 and 82: 4.25 4.26 4.27 Another way of consi
Page 83 and 84: Efficiency 4.36 Efficiency is about
Page 85 and 86: 4.47 4.48 4.49 participation. We re
Page 87 and 88: 4.53 The key elements of framing th
Page 89 and 90: 4.55 next. The Council observed tha
Page 91 and 92: overarching strategic framework set
Page 93 and 94: 4.70 There was a dilemma running th
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Page 97 and 98: 4.88 4.89 from flooding. Hot-spots
Page 99 and 100: BOX 4G LEGAL ASPECTS OF COASTAL PRO
Page 101 and 102: communicative learning in terms of
Page 103 and 104: is not limited to a single departme
Page 105 and 106: INTRODUCTION 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.
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Page 109 and 110: 5.23 5.24 The Climate Change Act 20
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5.46 The Commission recommends that
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5.57 understood in order that it ca
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5.67 5.68 5.69 5.70 There is no obv
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5.79 underpin the need for the gove
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BOX 5A AN INDICATIVE LIST OF TEN QU
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CHAPTER 1 References 1 Royal Commis
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27 Data from the UK Climate Project
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66 Willis, S.G., Hill, J.K., Thomas
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13 Ibid, page 12. 14 For further de
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51 Ofwat (2009). Final Determinatio
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CHAPTER 4 1 Brooks, N. and Adger, W
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37 There is an extensive literature
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4 Greater London Authority Act 2007
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The European Commission has publish
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The study will, therefore, draw on
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Range of climate change Q2) There a
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Values relating to the natural envi
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Adaptive capacity (also referred to
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species that might survive and subs
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Appendix B CONDUCT OF THE STUDY In
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Forestry Commission Grantham Instit
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UK Collaborative on Development Sci
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VISITS During the course of the stu
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Mark Williams Scottish Water Ruth W
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CHAIRMAN Appendix D MEMBERS OF THE
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PROFESSOR MARIA LEE Professor of
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PROFESSOR JOANNE SCOTT Professor
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Abbreviations ACC Adapting to Clima
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SPA Special Protection Area SSSI Si
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Biodiversity Action Plan 2.99 Birds
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supply and treatment of 3.55 Englan
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water supply and wastewater treatme
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institutional arrangements adaptati
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UK Climate Impacts Programme (UKCIP
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