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492 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND are hard to date exactly and many of their carvings, vigorous but crude, may be later products subject to a considerable pro- vincial time-lag. In the graphic arts, as opposed to architecture, the Norman Conquest made comparatively little break.The reforming infiuence which had created the Winchester style was already losing its impetus. Normandy had its own school ofilluminators and Norman books soon at appear Durham and Exeter, but the Norman School owed much to England, and Anglo- Saxons had been working in Norman scriptoria such as Mont" St.-Michel. The Norman artists used harder outlines, which never equal the expressive touch of the Winchester style at its best, and had a liking for stronger, contrasted colours, greens, yellows, and reds. They filled the trellis-work of their initials with climbing figures, men hunting or being pursued by fan' tastic beasts; there is a fierceness, sometimes brutality, in their imaginings which had not appeared in Anglo>Saxon art; but their fluttering draperies and twisted poses recall Anglo-Saxon models, and the two schools easily amalgamated (PL 94 ). In sculpture the same strange beasts of this age of dragons soon appear. Normandy seems to have had a less-developed practice in stone-carving, but the capitals in the crypt and on the outer arcades of the transepts at Canterbury, which must almost certainly precede the consecration of 1127, show Norman fancies interpreted with a new and very considerable skill (PL 95 a). They provided stylistic types for a whole school ofsouth ern carving, of which Romsey and Christchurch still have notable examples. Moving northwards, Henry Ts foundation at Reading was another centre, more Anglo-Saxon in the cat's masks as in some wiriness of its interlaces, gripped by Winchester initials; here beakheads were employed as voussoir ornament, and it may well be at Reading abbey that this char Leominster in acteristically English motif was popularized. Herefordshire, a cell ofReading, provided a local centre for the diffusion ofthe Reading style, and a local sculptor oforiginality and force gave to Herefordshire carving, in churches such as and Shobdon and on fonts such as those at Castle Kflpeck
tf. Adoration of the Kings, from Ac missal of Robert of Jumieges, MS, Rouen Y. 6, 37. The size ofthe page is I ^ x 8} in. The quick brush/strokes givea curious shimmering effect of motion to this remarkable piece of visual interpretation i. Initial from British Museum MS. Royal 12 E XX ( 124*'). This small drawing, by a Canterbury or Rochester artist, where each beast bices its man, is an epitome of the inventive violence of the .first half of the twelfth century PLATE 94
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MEDIEVAL ENGLAND A XET; EDITION EDI
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Oxford University Press, Amen House
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vi CONTENTS XVIII. SCIENCE, by A. c
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viii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 85. Glou
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x LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 103. Page f
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MI LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 123. Lecte
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VOLUME II
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RELIGIOUS LIFE AND ORGANIZATION 383
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PLATE 75
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404 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND original form,
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4 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND cians, and had b
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408 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND specified pers
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410 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND and need not b
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412 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND properties the
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4^4 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND canon law, act
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416 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND Battle only th
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418 MEDIEVALÊNGLAND had been given
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420 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND spotia, a deat
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422 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND extended this
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424 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND king usually g
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426 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND only one benef
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4^8 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND the economic c
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430 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND dained? What t
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43^ MEDIEVAL ENGLAND spending to th
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434 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND only drew mult
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43
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438 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND Devotional Lif
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440 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND not altogether
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44* MEDIEVAL ENGLAND and though onl
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PLATE 76
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ECCLESIASTICAL ARCHITECTURE 445 Ang
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ECCLESIASTICAL ARCHITECTURE 447 the
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FIG, 102 Durham. Halfcross/-section
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Durham Cathedral; nave PLATE 78
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ECCLESIASTICAL ARCHITECTURE 451 tur
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ECCLESIASTICAL ARCHITECTURE 453 arc
Page 99 and 100: ECCLESIASTICAL ARCHITECTURE 455 gre
Page 101 and 102: ECCLESIASTICAL ARCHITECTURE 457 kno
Page 103 and 104: a. Lincoln Cathedral: nave from the
Page 105 and 106: ECCLESIASTICAL ARCHITECTURE 459 an
Page 107 and 108: ECCLESIASTICAL ARCHITECTURE 461 bui
Page 109 and 110: ECCLESIASTICAL ARCHITECTURE 463 the
Page 111 and 112: PLATE 82 c "o 3 o -S rt O
Page 113 and 114: ECCLESIASTICAL ARCHITECTURE 465 Hen
Page 115 and 116: ECCLESIASTICAL ARCHITECTURE 467 of
Page 117 and 118: ECCLESIASTICAL ARCHITECTURE 469 a n
Page 119 and 120: ECCLESIASTICAL ARCHITECTURE 471 Red
Page 121 and 122: ECCLESIASTICAL ARCHITECTURE 473 rem
Page 123 and 124: Howden Church, Yorkshire: east fron
Page 125 and 126: ECCLESIASTICAL ARCHITECTURE 475 mul
Page 127 and 128: , |:: iHf PLATE 86 u o
Page 129 and 130: ECCLESIASTICAL ARCHITECTURE 477 rat
Page 131 and 132: ECCLESIASTICAL ARCHITECTURE 479 The
Page 133 and 134: King's College, Cambridge: antC'cha
Page 135 and 136: ECCLESIASTICAL ARCHITECTURE 481 squ
Page 137 and 138: ECCLESIASTICAL ARCHITECTURE 483 whi
Page 139 and 140: XIV. ART T HE emergence ofa genuine
Page 141 and 142: PLATE 90
Page 143 and 144: ART 487 brian manuscripts rapidly b
Page 145 and 146: ART 489 they were found in 1827. Th
Page 147 and 148: a I PLATE 92 a. Detail ofthe Ruthwd
Page 149: ART 491 and two ivory figures in th
Page 153 and 154: ART 493 Frome and Erdisley, a parti
Page 155 and 156: PLATE 96 e 3SX) a S ^ 7-25 .S o c S
Page 157 and 158: ART 495 were happier in the decorat
Page 159 and 160: Ml is PLATE 98 f ""* u x 13 8 M g S
Page 161 and 162: ART 497 robes, in which the fine pl
Page 163 and 164: a. Angel with censer: south transep
Page 165 and 166: ART 499 none of the delicate percep
Page 167 and 168: PLATE 102 tf. Abraham and Melchised
Page 169 and 170: ART 501 slanting eyes, with their s
Page 171 and 172: 'PLATE 104 tf. Hop'leaves capital:
Page 173 and 174: ART 503 (an early instance of it),
Page 175 and 176: ART 505 brasses in England, those i
Page 177 and 178: ART 507 Hours (B.M. MS. Add. 42131)
Page 179 and 180: & Light from Gloucester east window
Page 181 and 182: ART 509 with some ofthe more splend
Page 183 and 184: ART 511 It is in the Beauchamp chap
Page 185: tf. Alabaster effigy of Alice de la
Page 188 and 189: 5*4 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND BRIEGER, P. H.
Page 190 and 191: 5*
Page 192 and 193: 518 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND that all clerg
Page 194 and 195: 520 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND during the mid
Page 196 and 197: 522 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND logy and law.
Page 198 and 199: 5*4 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND This suspendiu
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5*6 * MEDIEVAL ENGLAND period. As t
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528 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND citizens of Ox
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530 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND the few Clunia
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532 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND Oxford well il
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5H MEDIEVAL ENGLAND did great damag
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PLATE 110 a. Winchester College, fo
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536 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND 6. The Later M
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538 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND Byngham, as a
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540 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND archdeacon of
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542 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND society rested
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PLATE 112 U u
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544 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND together they
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PLATE 114 Irish majuscule. The Book
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54
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PLATE 116 ^^ V^VVVV4'V1w ISVIIWMJ A
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548 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND and contractio
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550 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND learning, scho
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PLATE Il8 ^'vr^^Â^^^^^^j^^ * Â fc
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55* MEDIEVAL ENGLAND humanistic scr
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554 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND the royal chan
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PLATE 120 *3 s*% " ,a Vs* i \: *\ "
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55
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HANDWRITING 557 whim*, the notion o
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XVII. PRINTED BOOKS, THE BOOKxTJRAD
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gMttg anb? feflg jstm+wty"gg ^gg co
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PRINTED BOOKS, BOOK-TRADE, LIBRARIE
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FIG. 106. Covcrdalc's Bible, 1535.
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PRINTED BOOKS, BOOK/TRADE, LIBRARIE
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~ 18 O i^!0fe fitp p***l fiftsrtrî
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568 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND date from abou
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570 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND Duke Humfrey',
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SJ2 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND external influ
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574 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND successive Cou
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576 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND good picture o
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578 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND and Mesopotami
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58o MEDIEVAL ENGLAND influential wa
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5 82 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND in answer to
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5*4 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND past. He gave
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586 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND phenomenon was
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588 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND heavenly spher
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FIG. 107. Diagrams from the thirtee
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592 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND reform, "every
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PLATE 126 The Merton Astrolabe, c.
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594 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND place to anoth
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596 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND quiries just c
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PLATE 128 a. Bees, from a twelfth/c
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598 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND lettered craft
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PLATE 130 Matthew Paris's map of Gr
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MEDIEVAL ENGLAND staple of English
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602 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND After the grea
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604 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND GUNTHER, R. T.
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606 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND early in the f
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608 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND on swords, or
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PLATE IJ2 " It
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610 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND ribald office,
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MEDIEVAL ENGLAND war game, a contes
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614 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND 3. London Game
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Blind man's bufF Punch and Judy sho
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RECREATIONS 617 mentions hunting as
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; * ? " y ' *, t .1 rVV \ T"**' v j
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RECREATIONS 619 grants of 'free war
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RECREATIONS 621 on the Bayeux Tapes
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^f~; ;fJ v... v>^j3#rs i*;W^^tîlff
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RECREATIONS 623 became heavier unti
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RECREATIONS 625 festivals. Thus the
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RECREATIONS 627 open imprisonment i
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a. Hockey b. Club ball PLATE 139
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RECREATIONS 629 trated by the Frenc
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$12, MEDIEVAL ENGLAND BOOKS FOR REF
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634 INDEX Aquinas, Thomas, St., 533
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636 INDEX bishoprics, 53 & n.; see
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638 INDEX Canterbury (cont.'): Brad
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640 INDEX Cold Harbour, Dowgate (Lo
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Edgehiil (Warws.), battle of, 333.
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644 INDEX Frederick II, emperor, hi
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152-62, 290; his fleet, i8
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648 INDEX Laon: cathedral school at
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650 INDEX maps, 601. March (Cambs.)
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Ogmore (Gkm.) casde, 103. Okehampto
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654 INDEX Raglan (Mon.) castle, 124
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656 INDEX chantry, 538; grammar, 52
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658 INDEX Thornbury (Glos.), 34, 52
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660 Willibald, St., 517. Willibrord
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PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN AT THE UNI
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