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PLATE 114 Irish majuscule. The Book of Kells. Eighth-ninth century fi crucijixeruitt[t eu}m (Manuscript in Trinity College, Dublin)
HANDWRITING 545 more writing on to the skins available. Sheepskins and cal skins, properly prepared, were hard to come by, and when, as often, Christian texts were written over those of the Latin classics (palimpsests) no disrespect was intended to what was erased. The scribes, in their poverty, were first simply putting things first. Our knowledge ofhow all this came about is onex sided, since so little is known ofthe writing which the minus-' cule displaced the scripts of the notaries and the traditional products ofa fading classical culture. The only learning known to us in the eighth century is that of the monasteries, and the remains of the Frankish only scripts, apart from the exiguous and Italian chanceries, are those connected with particular regions or monasteries. In south Italy, for instance, a local minuscule arose, which we call Beneventan, associated parties larly with the abbey ofMonte Cassino: in Spain another, the so-called Visigothic, and in Frankland another, the Merovinx gian. Still earlier, Ireland and northern England had evolved a highly distinctive, ifcrabbed, minuscle with its own charac^ teristic system ofabbreviations based, like all abbreviations, on those used in Roman law-books. The insular scribes, however, with whom parchment seems to have been especially scarce, were pioneers in admitting abbreviations into the text of their writings. Different as these local scripts are from one another, they share the common fault ofbeing extremely difficult to read. This defect was at last overcome by a new script with a great future (PL 113). This was the Caroline minuscule, a hand of great beauty and supremely legible, the emergence of which is closely associated with the great religious revival of Charles the Great's reign. Smaller than majuscule it writing, achieved its affect, Dr. Lowe tells us, *by a rigorous elimination of cursive dements and by keeping letters distinct and properly aligned*. It was no sudden discovery, but the achievement of a new dear style, approaches to which go well back into the eighth century in various monastic centres. The earliest recognizable specimens come from Corbie, but it was the great abbey of St. Martin of Tours which was responsible for its diffusion over Europe in the ninth century, though rather after the time of its
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MEDIEVAL ENGLAND A XET; EDITION EDI
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Oxford University Press, Amen House
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vi CONTENTS XVIII. SCIENCE, by A. c
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viii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 85. Glou
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x LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 103. Page f
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MI LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 123. Lecte
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VOLUME II
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RELIGIOUS LIFE AND ORGANIZATION 383
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PLATE 75
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404 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND original form,
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4 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND cians, and had b
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408 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND specified pers
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410 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND and need not b
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412 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND properties the
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4^4 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND canon law, act
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416 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND Battle only th
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418 MEDIEVALÊNGLAND had been given
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420 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND spotia, a deat
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422 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND extended this
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424 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND king usually g
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426 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND only one benef
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4^8 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND the economic c
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430 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND dained? What t
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43^ MEDIEVAL ENGLAND spending to th
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434 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND only drew mult
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43
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438 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND Devotional Lif
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440 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND not altogether
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44* MEDIEVAL ENGLAND and though onl
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PLATE 76
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ECCLESIASTICAL ARCHITECTURE 445 Ang
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ECCLESIASTICAL ARCHITECTURE 447 the
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FIG, 102 Durham. Halfcross/-section
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Durham Cathedral; nave PLATE 78
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ECCLESIASTICAL ARCHITECTURE 451 tur
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ECCLESIASTICAL ARCHITECTURE 453 arc
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ECCLESIASTICAL ARCHITECTURE 455 gre
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ECCLESIASTICAL ARCHITECTURE 457 kno
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a. Lincoln Cathedral: nave from the
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ECCLESIASTICAL ARCHITECTURE 459 an
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ECCLESIASTICAL ARCHITECTURE 461 bui
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ECCLESIASTICAL ARCHITECTURE 463 the
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PLATE 82 c "o 3 o -S rt O
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ECCLESIASTICAL ARCHITECTURE 465 Hen
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ECCLESIASTICAL ARCHITECTURE 467 of
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ECCLESIASTICAL ARCHITECTURE 469 a n
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ECCLESIASTICAL ARCHITECTURE 471 Red
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ECCLESIASTICAL ARCHITECTURE 473 rem
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Howden Church, Yorkshire: east fron
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ECCLESIASTICAL ARCHITECTURE 475 mul
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, |:: iHf PLATE 86 u o
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ECCLESIASTICAL ARCHITECTURE 477 rat
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ECCLESIASTICAL ARCHITECTURE 479 The
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King's College, Cambridge: antC'cha
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ECCLESIASTICAL ARCHITECTURE 481 squ
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ECCLESIASTICAL ARCHITECTURE 483 whi
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XIV. ART T HE emergence ofa genuine
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PLATE 90
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ART 487 brian manuscripts rapidly b
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ART 489 they were found in 1827. Th
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a I PLATE 92 a. Detail ofthe Ruthwd
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ART 491 and two ivory figures in th
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tf. Adoration of the Kings, from Ac
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ART 493 Frome and Erdisley, a parti
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PLATE 96 e 3SX) a S ^ 7-25 .S o c S
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ART 495 were happier in the decorat
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Ml is PLATE 98 f ""* u x 13 8 M g S
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ART 497 robes, in which the fine pl
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a. Angel with censer: south transep
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ART 499 none of the delicate percep
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PLATE 102 tf. Abraham and Melchised
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ART 501 slanting eyes, with their s
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'PLATE 104 tf. Hop'leaves capital:
Page 173 and 174: ART 503 (an early instance of it),
Page 175 and 176: ART 505 brasses in England, those i
Page 177 and 178: ART 507 Hours (B.M. MS. Add. 42131)
Page 179 and 180: & Light from Gloucester east window
Page 181 and 182: ART 509 with some ofthe more splend
Page 183 and 184: ART 511 It is in the Beauchamp chap
Page 185: tf. Alabaster effigy of Alice de la
Page 188 and 189: 5*4 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND BRIEGER, P. H.
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Page 192 and 193: 518 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND that all clerg
Page 194 and 195: 520 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND during the mid
Page 196 and 197: 522 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND logy and law.
Page 198 and 199: 5*4 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND This suspendiu
Page 200 and 201: 5*6 * MEDIEVAL ENGLAND period. As t
Page 202 and 203: 528 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND citizens of Ox
Page 204 and 205: 530 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND the few Clunia
Page 206 and 207: 532 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND Oxford well il
Page 208 and 209: 5H MEDIEVAL ENGLAND did great damag
Page 210 and 211: PLATE 110 a. Winchester College, fo
Page 212 and 213: 536 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND 6. The Later M
Page 214 and 215: 538 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND Byngham, as a
Page 216 and 217: 540 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND archdeacon of
Page 218 and 219: 542 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND society rested
Page 220 and 221: PLATE 112 U u
Page 222 and 223: 544 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND together they
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Page 228 and 229: PLATE 116 ^^ V^VVVV4'V1w ISVIIWMJ A
Page 230 and 231: 548 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND and contractio
Page 232 and 233: 550 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND learning, scho
Page 234 and 235: PLATE Il8 ^'vr^^Â^^^^^^j^^ * Â fc
Page 236 and 237: 55* MEDIEVAL ENGLAND humanistic scr
Page 238 and 239: 554 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND the royal chan
Page 240 and 241: PLATE 120 *3 s*% " ,a Vs* i \: *\ "
Page 242 and 243: 55
Page 245 and 246: HANDWRITING 557 whim*, the notion o
Page 247 and 248: XVII. PRINTED BOOKS, THE BOOKxTJRAD
Page 249 and 250: gMttg anb? feflg jstm+wty"gg ^gg co
Page 251 and 252: PRINTED BOOKS, BOOK-TRADE, LIBRARIE
Page 253 and 254: FIG. 106. Covcrdalc's Bible, 1535.
Page 255 and 256: PRINTED BOOKS, BOOK/TRADE, LIBRARIE
Page 257: ~ 18 O i^!0fe fitp p***l fiftsrtrî
Page 260 and 261: 568 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND date from abou
Page 262 and 263: 570 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND Duke Humfrey',
Page 264 and 265: SJ2 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND external influ
Page 266 and 267: 574 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND successive Cou
Page 268 and 269: 576 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND good picture o
Page 270 and 271: 578 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND and Mesopotami
Page 272 and 273: 58o MEDIEVAL ENGLAND influential wa
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5 82 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND in answer to
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5*4 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND past. He gave
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586 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND phenomenon was
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588 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND heavenly spher
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FIG. 107. Diagrams from the thirtee
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592 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND reform, "every
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PLATE 126 The Merton Astrolabe, c.
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594 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND place to anoth
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596 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND quiries just c
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PLATE 128 a. Bees, from a twelfth/c
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598 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND lettered craft
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PLATE 130 Matthew Paris's map of Gr
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MEDIEVAL ENGLAND staple of English
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602 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND After the grea
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604 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND GUNTHER, R. T.
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606 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND early in the f
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608 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND on swords, or
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PLATE IJ2 " It
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610 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND ribald office,
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MEDIEVAL ENGLAND war game, a contes
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614 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND 3. London Game
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Blind man's bufF Punch and Judy sho
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RECREATIONS 617 mentions hunting as
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; * ? " y ' *, t .1 rVV \ T"**' v j
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RECREATIONS 619 grants of 'free war
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RECREATIONS 621 on the Bayeux Tapes
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^f~; ;fJ v... v>^j3#rs i*;W^^tîlff
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RECREATIONS 623 became heavier unti
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RECREATIONS 625 festivals. Thus the
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RECREATIONS 627 open imprisonment i
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a. Hockey b. Club ball PLATE 139
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RECREATIONS 629 trated by the Frenc
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$12, MEDIEVAL ENGLAND BOOKS FOR REF
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634 INDEX Aquinas, Thomas, St., 533
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636 INDEX bishoprics, 53 & n.; see
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638 INDEX Canterbury (cont.'): Brad
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640 INDEX Cold Harbour, Dowgate (Lo
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Edgehiil (Warws.), battle of, 333.
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644 INDEX Frederick II, emperor, hi
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152-62, 290; his fleet, i8
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648 INDEX Laon: cathedral school at
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650 INDEX maps, 601. March (Cambs.)
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Ogmore (Gkm.) casde, 103. Okehampto
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654 INDEX Raglan (Mon.) castle, 124
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656 INDEX chantry, 538; grammar, 52
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658 INDEX Thornbury (Glos.), 34, 52
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660 Willibald, St., 517. Willibrord
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PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN AT THE UNI
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