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LEARNING AND EDUCATION 521
development of church music, and song/schools rendered an
important service in that connexion. They helped, too, to serve
the more general educational purposes ofthe modern primary
or preparatory school.
The provision of masters to teach grammar and the liberal
arts was made an episcopal charge by papal decree in 826.
Subsequent legislation to this same end was reinforced by
the Lateran Council of 1215, which required every cathedral
and every sufficiently endowed collegiate church to provide
free schooling in grammar for all clerks by attaching a prebend
to the mastership, and every metropolitan church to provide a
came to
theologian. In the secular cathedrals this responsibility
be vested during the course ofthe twelfth century in one ofthe
canons, generally known as magister schohrum, but by the end
of the century as chancellor. In the eight dioceses where the
cathedral churches were under monastic administration the
bishop usually retained the appointment of a schoolmaster in
his own hands, leaving the prior and convent to provide a
theological lecturer; and so, too, at Carlisle where the cathe/
dral church was linked with a priory of Austin canons.
In some towns the appointment ofthe master ofthe grammar
school is found in the twelfth century to rest with a house of
Austin canons. At Bristol the grammar school had ancient
association with *the guild or brotherhood of the community
ofthe clergy and people ofBristol* or the Guild of Kalendars,
as it was better known. London, as might be expected, was not
restricted to a single school. In addition to St. Paul's school
there were two other privileged schools, one attached to the
church ofSt. Mary ofthe Arches, the other to the college ofSt.
MartinVie/Grand. For any additional school the licence ofthe
master ofthe cathedral school was required.
While the revival and extension of grammar schools was
taking place in England, an educational movement of greater
import was gathering momentum among the secular clergy of
Normandy and France where cathedral schools, such as those
of Chartres, Laon, and Paris, were rapidly winning fame for
their concern not only with the liberal arts but also with theo'