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ECCLESIASTICAL ARCHITECTURE 447
the opening into the tribune. Above the giant order was a
triforium with small double/arched openings, and above
that a clerestory. The vestiges of this arrangement can only
be deduced by minute examination of the existing choir of
the church, which was drastically altered in the fourteenth
century, and by a comparison with the remains of the early
arrangement in the transept. In the nave the giant order of
cylindrical piers and arches was maintained but the tribune was
omitted and the great arches ofthe arcade left open to their full
height, the resultant system being three^storeyed rather than four
(PL 77 J). This highly original arrangement may have derived
ultimately from central France, but it had no future in that
country though it was certainly
imitated in a number of inv
portant buildings erected in England and Scotland during the
twelfth and early thirteenth centuries. They include Romsey
abbey, the cathedral at Oxford, Jedburgh abbey in Scotland, the
great church at Glastonbury abbey, and, latest ofall, the cathe^
dral at Waterford in Ireland. At Glastonbury andWaterford the
scheme is translated into Gothic with pointed arches, and at
Romsey the influences of other regions than the Severn basin
have profoundly modified the scheme. At Tewkesbury the
early pre/Romanesque tradition is clearly perceptible
in the
broad expanses of plain wall surface which play so large a part
in the total effect. The same use of plain wall surfaces is recog/
nizable in other eleventh-century buildings, notably the tran/
sept at Winchester, and may be taken as a continuation ofan
architectural tradition which dates back to Carolingian times
and to the Carolingian/type buildings erected in England be/
fore the Conquest. It was perceptible also in the treatment of
the west end of Lincoln cathedral, which dates from about the
same time as the work at Tewkesbury. Tewkesbury has been
mentioned first by reason of these old-fashioned traits in what
is otherwise a highly original design.
Durham, which has indeed many interesting qualities of
treatment which derive from this late Carolingian tradition, is
a building which in two important ways anticipates the later
development of medieval architecture. There can be no ques/
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