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454
MEDIEVAL ENGLAND
more sophisticated form and there are signs that the Burgundian
traits arc being modified by the influence of the native Anglo/
Romanesque, chiefly by the introduction of mouldings of
Anglo-Norman character. The church at Fountains also,
while clearly related to that of the great French Cistercian
churches, shows one important departure undoubtedly deriw
ing from the later Anglo/Norman practice, that is, the church
was given a very distinct crossing/space at the intersection ofthe
four main limbs ofthe church. Such a crossing clearly implies
a tower, and this is the more remarkable as towers were one of
the architectural features expressly forbidden by the regulations
ofthe order. The naves ofRievaulx and Fountains belong pre^
sumably to the 1130*5 or possibly early 1 140*5. In the Cistercian
churches ofthe 1 150*5 and 6o*s, such as Kirkstall in the north
and Buildwas in Shropshire, the Anglo-Norman traits are far
more marked, and not only in the mouldings but also in the in-
troduction ofthe ribbed vault, which is used together with the
pointed barrel form.
The prestige of the Cistercian order in the north, parti/
cularly during the lifetime and immediately after the death of
St, Ailred of Rievaulx, had a
great influence which was not
confined to the Houses of the order alone, and in 1170 a new
architectural phase makes its appearance at Roche abbey, a
Cistercian house in south Yorkshire (PL 79 b). This represents
a second importation ofFrench ideas, this time not Burgundian
Romanesque but north French Gothic. The new fashion set at
Roche soon spread to other buildings, such as the Canon's
dhtirch at Rifxm and the great new Cistercian house at Byland,
aed from chore spread throughout northern England and
Scotland, as much in the buildings ofthe Aegustinian canons
as in those of die Cistercians themselves. This architectural
movement in the north was dharacterized by a quality of ele'
and sophisticated Puritanism which may possibly be
iated with the personality of St. Aikcd and his followers,
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gun within a very few years dfRodhe, the design, though clearly
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