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598 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND lettered craftsmen contributed in medieval England was chenv istry. The learned were interested mainly in alchemy which, as Roger Bacon described in his Opus Tertium, both included a theory of matter and chemical change based on Aristotle's conception ofelements and qualities, and as a practical subject 'teaches how to make the noble metals and colours ... not only can it yield wealth and very many other things for the public welfare, but it also teaches how to discover such things as are human life . . /. capable of prolonging Bacon regarded science as a whole as a means of obtaining power over nature, power that would not only increase wealth and health, but would also enable the military forces of Chris> tendom to overcome the Tarters and Antichrist, whose advent he expected 'from beyond the Caspian gates'. Though no base metal was ever transformed into gold, no elixir found to pnv long life, no powerful weapon invented to repel at a blow any possible invasion from the east, the pursuit ofthe objectives de^ scribed by Bacon did achieve some valuable results for chem^ istry and for science in general. Alchemists learnt to use the balance, and discovered the properties of some metals, acids, and other substances. Bacon himself referred, without giving the recipe, to an explosive powder, and pointed out that its force would be increased by enclosing it in an instrument of solid material. Early in the fourteenth century Walter of Odington, a versatile mathematician who made astronomical observations at Oxford and wrote on optics and musical theory, composed a most interesting treatise on alchemy in which he attacked con^ temporary alchemists, with their gold^making, as humbugs, and tried to give mathematical precision to the whole subject. He described various chemical processes, calcination, solution, sublimation, congelation, and proposed a method of measuring the qualities of dryness, heat, and so on in degrees represented graphically by an adaptation of the procedures being worked out by his contemporaries at Merton. The most striking results in industrial chemistry pursued in the middle ages in almost complete independence of learned interests, were achieved in metallurgy, and this, even more than
Knight firing a cannon against a castle, from Walter de Milemete's Di Notrititativuf Saptentiis ft Pfuknttis Regan, Christ Church, Oxford, MS, 92 PLATE I2p
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MEDIEVAL ENGLAND A XET; EDITION EDI
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Oxford University Press, Amen House
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vi CONTENTS XVIII. SCIENCE, by A. c
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viii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 85. Glou
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x LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 103. Page f
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MI LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 123. Lecte
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VOLUME II
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RELIGIOUS LIFE AND ORGANIZATION 383
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PLATE 75
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404 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND original form,
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4 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND cians, and had b
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408 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND specified pers
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410 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND and need not b
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412 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND properties the
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4^4 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND canon law, act
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416 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND Battle only th
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418 MEDIEVALÊNGLAND had been given
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420 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND spotia, a deat
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422 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND extended this
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424 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND king usually g
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426 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND only one benef
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4^8 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND the economic c
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430 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND dained? What t
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43^ MEDIEVAL ENGLAND spending to th
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434 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND only drew mult
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43
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438 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND Devotional Lif
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440 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND not altogether
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44* MEDIEVAL ENGLAND and though onl
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PLATE 76
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ECCLESIASTICAL ARCHITECTURE 445 Ang
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ECCLESIASTICAL ARCHITECTURE 447 the
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FIG, 102 Durham. Halfcross/-section
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Durham Cathedral; nave PLATE 78
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ECCLESIASTICAL ARCHITECTURE 451 tur
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ECCLESIASTICAL ARCHITECTURE 453 arc
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ECCLESIASTICAL ARCHITECTURE 455 gre
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ECCLESIASTICAL ARCHITECTURE 457 kno
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a. Lincoln Cathedral: nave from the
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ECCLESIASTICAL ARCHITECTURE 459 an
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ECCLESIASTICAL ARCHITECTURE 461 bui
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ECCLESIASTICAL ARCHITECTURE 463 the
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PLATE 82 c "o 3 o -S rt O
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ECCLESIASTICAL ARCHITECTURE 465 Hen
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ECCLESIASTICAL ARCHITECTURE 467 of
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ECCLESIASTICAL ARCHITECTURE 469 a n
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ECCLESIASTICAL ARCHITECTURE 471 Red
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ECCLESIASTICAL ARCHITECTURE 473 rem
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Howden Church, Yorkshire: east fron
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ECCLESIASTICAL ARCHITECTURE 475 mul
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, |:: iHf PLATE 86 u o
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ECCLESIASTICAL ARCHITECTURE 477 rat
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ECCLESIASTICAL ARCHITECTURE 479 The
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King's College, Cambridge: antC'cha
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ECCLESIASTICAL ARCHITECTURE 481 squ
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ECCLESIASTICAL ARCHITECTURE 483 whi
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XIV. ART T HE emergence ofa genuine
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PLATE 90
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ART 487 brian manuscripts rapidly b
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ART 489 they were found in 1827. Th
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a I PLATE 92 a. Detail ofthe Ruthwd
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ART 491 and two ivory figures in th
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tf. Adoration of the Kings, from Ac
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ART 493 Frome and Erdisley, a parti
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PLATE 96 e 3SX) a S ^ 7-25 .S o c S
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ART 495 were happier in the decorat
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Ml is PLATE 98 f ""* u x 13 8 M g S
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ART 497 robes, in which the fine pl
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a. Angel with censer: south transep
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ART 499 none of the delicate percep
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PLATE 102 tf. Abraham and Melchised
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ART 501 slanting eyes, with their s
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'PLATE 104 tf. Hop'leaves capital:
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ART 503 (an early instance of it),
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ART 505 brasses in England, those i
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ART 507 Hours (B.M. MS. Add. 42131)
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& Light from Gloucester east window
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ART 509 with some ofthe more splend
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ART 511 It is in the Beauchamp chap
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tf. Alabaster effigy of Alice de la
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5*4 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND BRIEGER, P. H.
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5*
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518 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND that all clerg
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520 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND during the mid
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522 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND logy and law.
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5*4 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND This suspendiu
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5*6 * MEDIEVAL ENGLAND period. As t
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528 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND citizens of Ox
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530 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND the few Clunia
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532 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND Oxford well il
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5H MEDIEVAL ENGLAND did great damag
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PLATE 110 a. Winchester College, fo
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536 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND 6. The Later M
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538 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND Byngham, as a
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540 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND archdeacon of
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542 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND society rested
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PLATE 112 U u
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544 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND together they
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PLATE 114 Irish majuscule. The Book
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54
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PLATE 116 ^^ V^VVVV4'V1w ISVIIWMJ A
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548 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND and contractio
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550 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND learning, scho
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PLATE Il8 ^'vr^^Â^^^^^^j^^ * Â fc
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55* MEDIEVAL ENGLAND humanistic scr
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554 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND the royal chan
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PLATE 120 *3 s*% " ,a Vs* i \: *\ "
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55
Page 245 and 246: HANDWRITING 557 whim*, the notion o
Page 247 and 248: XVII. PRINTED BOOKS, THE BOOKxTJRAD
Page 249 and 250: gMttg anb? feflg jstm+wty"gg ^gg co
Page 251 and 252: PRINTED BOOKS, BOOK-TRADE, LIBRARIE
Page 253 and 254: FIG. 106. Covcrdalc's Bible, 1535.
Page 255 and 256: PRINTED BOOKS, BOOK/TRADE, LIBRARIE
Page 257: ~ 18 O i^!0fe fitp p***l fiftsrtrî
Page 260 and 261: 568 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND date from abou
Page 262 and 263: 570 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND Duke Humfrey',
Page 264 and 265: SJ2 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND external influ
Page 266 and 267: 574 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND successive Cou
Page 268 and 269: 576 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND good picture o
Page 270 and 271: 578 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND and Mesopotami
Page 272 and 273: 58o MEDIEVAL ENGLAND influential wa
Page 274 and 275: 5 82 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND in answer to
Page 276 and 277: 5*4 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND past. He gave
Page 278 and 279: 586 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND phenomenon was
Page 280 and 281: 588 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND heavenly spher
Page 282 and 283: FIG. 107. Diagrams from the thirtee
Page 284 and 285: 592 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND reform, "every
Page 286 and 287: PLATE 126 The Merton Astrolabe, c.
Page 288 and 289: 594 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND place to anoth
Page 290 and 291: 596 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND quiries just c
Page 292 and 293: PLATE 128 a. Bees, from a twelfth/c
Page 296 and 297: PLATE 130 Matthew Paris's map of Gr
Page 298 and 299: MEDIEVAL ENGLAND staple of English
Page 300 and 301: 602 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND After the grea
Page 302 and 303: 604 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND GUNTHER, R. T.
Page 304 and 305: 606 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND early in the f
Page 306 and 307: 608 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND on swords, or
Page 308 and 309: PLATE IJ2 " It
Page 310 and 311: 610 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND ribald office,
Page 312 and 313: MEDIEVAL ENGLAND war game, a contes
Page 314 and 315: 614 MEDIEVAL ENGLAND 3. London Game
Page 316 and 317: Blind man's bufF Punch and Judy sho
Page 319 and 320: RECREATIONS 617 mentions hunting as
Page 321 and 322: ; * ? " y ' *, t .1 rVV \ T"**' v j
Page 323 and 324: RECREATIONS 619 grants of 'free war
Page 325 and 326: RECREATIONS 621 on the Bayeux Tapes
Page 327 and 328: ^f~; ;fJ v... v>^j3#rs i*;W^^tîlff
Page 329 and 330: RECREATIONS 623 became heavier unti
Page 331 and 332: RECREATIONS 625 festivals. Thus the
Page 333 and 334: RECREATIONS 627 open imprisonment i
Page 335 and 336: a. Hockey b. Club ball PLATE 139
Page 337: RECREATIONS 629 trated by the Frenc
Page 340 and 341: $12, MEDIEVAL ENGLAND BOOKS FOR REF
Page 342 and 343: 634 INDEX Aquinas, Thomas, St., 533
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636 INDEX bishoprics, 53 & n.; see
Page 346 and 347:
638 INDEX Canterbury (cont.'): Brad
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640 INDEX Cold Harbour, Dowgate (Lo
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Edgehiil (Warws.), battle of, 333.
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644 INDEX Frederick II, emperor, hi
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152-62, 290; his fleet, i8
Page 356 and 357:
648 INDEX Laon: cathedral school at
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650 INDEX maps, 601. March (Cambs.)
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Ogmore (Gkm.) casde, 103. Okehampto
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654 INDEX Raglan (Mon.) castle, 124
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656 INDEX chantry, 538; grammar, 52
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658 INDEX Thornbury (Glos.), 34, 52
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660 Willibald, St., 517. Willibrord
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PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN AT THE UNI
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