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LEARNING AND EDUCATION 5^9
Although constitutionally not colleges,
the convents of the
four orders of Friars, Dominican, Franciscan, Carmelite, and
Augustinian, that were established in Oxford and Cambridge
by the end ofthe thirteenth century served a similar object. The
Dominicans settled in Oxford in 1221, and in Cambridge by
1238; the Franciscans arrived in Oxford in 1224, and in
Cambridge about two years later. Their activity in the erection
of buildings for their convents must have imparted an encour^
aging sense of stability and at
permanence
a time when the
secular masters and scholars still only described themselves as
staying (commorantei) at Oxford or Cambridge. Their con^
vents, moreover, pointed the way to the provision of more en^
during residential societies for secular clerks in the form of
colleges. The other religious
orders were slower to associate
themselves with the new movement. By the end ofthe thirteenth
century, however, a group ofBenedictine houses was support^
ing a combined studium in Gloucester College; and the monks
ofDurham had established Durham College. In the following
century the student monks of Christ Church, Canterbury,
were accommodated in modest until
premises Archbishop
Islip founded the dual establishment for monks and secular
clerks over which John Wyclif unsuccessfully presided. In
1348 Canterbury College was reconstituted by Archbishop
Langham and placed
under monastic administration. At
Cambridge the student monks of Ely were provided
with a
hostel by Prior Crawden (d. 1341); but it was not until 1428
that the student monks of other Benedictine houses in the
eastern counties were given a combined studium, later known as
Buckingham College. Cistercian monks assigned for study
at Oxford were granted separate accommodation in Rewley
abbey, founded in 1281, until the erection of St. Bernard's
College in 1437. No similai arrangement was made at St.
Frideswide's priory
or Oseney abbey for Austin canons. Such
student canons usually resided in colleges as 'sojourners* before .
St. Mary's College was founded in 1435. Gilbertine canons
were housed in St. Edmund's hostel at Cambridge. No special
arrangements seem to have been made for the residence of