THE STORY OF PHILOSOPHY2 The Lives and Opinions

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264 THE STORY OF PHILOSOPHY dilation of impersonal events, but as a flexible instrument of action and desire. Finally, and despite exaggerations, Schopenhauer taught us again the necessity of genius, and the value of art. He saw that the ultimate good is beauty, and that the ultimate joy lies in the creation or cherishing of the beautiful. He joined with Goethe and Carlyle in protest against the attempt of Hegel and Marx and Buckle to eliminate genius as a fundamental factor in human history; in an age when all the great seemed dead he preached once more the ennobling worship of heroes. And with all his faults he succeeded in adding another name to theirs.
CHAPTER VIII Herbert Spencer I. COMTE AND DARWIN THE KANTIAN PHILOSOPHY which announced itself as "prolegomena to all future metaphysics/' was, by malicious intent, a murderous thrust at traditional modes of speculation; and, contrary to intent, a damaging blow to all metaphysics whatsoever. For metaphysics had meant, throughout the history of thought, an attempt to discover the ultimate nature of reality; now men learned, on the most respectable authority, that reality could never be experienced; that it was a "noumenon," conceivable but not knowable; and that even the subtlest human intelligence could never pass beyond phenomena, could never pierce the veil of Maya. The metaphysical extravagances of Fichte, Hegel and Schelling, with their various readings of the ancient riddle, their Ego and Idea and Will, had canceled one another into zero; and by the eighteen-thirties the universe was generally conceded to have guarded its secret well. After a generation of Absolute intoxication, the mind of Europe reacted by taking a pledge against metaphysics of any kind. Since the French had made a specialty of scepticism, it was natural that they should produce the founder (if there are such persons in philosophy, where every idea is hallowed with years) of the "positivist" movement. Auguste Comte or, as his parents called him, Isidore Auguste Marie Frangois Xavier Gomte was born at Montpellier in 1798. The idol of his youth was Benjamin Frankin, whom he called the modern Socrates. "You know that at five-and-twenty he formed the design of becoming perfectly wise, and that he fulfilled his design. I have dared to undertake the same thing, though I am not yet twenty." He made a fair start by becoming secretary to the great Utopian, Saint-Simon, who passed on to him the reforming enthusiasm of Turgot and Condorcet, and the idea that social, like physical phenomena, might be reduced to laws and science, and that all philosophy should be focused upon the moral and political improvement of mankind. But, like most of us who set out to reform the world, Comte found it difficult enough to manage his own home; in 1827, after two years of marital infelicity, he suffered a mental break-down, and attempted suicide in the Seine. To his rescuer, therefore, we owe something of the five volumes of Postwe Philosophy which
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ALL RIGHTS RESERVED INCLUDING THE R
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PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION Apolo
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PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION vii h
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PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION , INT
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CONTENTS xiii CHAPTER V VOLTAIRE AN
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CONTENTS xv PAGE V. Hero-morality 3
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TO THE READER This book is not a co
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2 INTRODUCTION Some ungentle reader
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4 INTRODUCTION those experiences dr
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CHAPTER V Voltaire and the French E
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THE STORY OF PHILOSOPHY igo courase
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CHAPTER VI Immanuel Kant and German
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Page 325 and 326: HERBERT SPENCER 299 to the Post Off
Page 327 and 328: CHAPTER IX Friedrich .Nietzsche I.
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FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE 315 He gathered
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FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE 317 pity or rem
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FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE 319 the whole i
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FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE 321 for which o
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FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE 323 conditional
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FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE 325 Part of the
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FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE 327 in peace. W
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FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE 329 too far in
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FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE 331 ruined less
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FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE 333 intermarria
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FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE 335 generous wo
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EUROPEAN PHILOSOPHERS 337 of life m
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EUROPEAN PHILOSOPHERS 339 choice. "
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EUROPEAN PHILOSOPHERS 341 motion an
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EUROPEAN PHILOSOPHERS 343 around ou
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EUROPEAN PHILOSOPHERS 345 that the
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EUROPEAN PHILOSOPHERS 347 whole of
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EUROPEAN PHILOSOPHERS 349 in which
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EUROPEAN PHILOSOPHERS 351 doxy and
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EUROPEAN PHILOSOPHERS 353 a beacon-
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EUROPEAN PHILOSOPHERS 355 presents
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EUROPEAN PHILOSOPHERS 357 beautiful
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EUROPEAN PHILOSOPHERS 359 He was re
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EUROPEAN PHILOSOPHERS 361 though he
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EUROPEAN PHILOSOPHERS 363 of school
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CHAPTER XI Contemporary American Ph
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AMERICAN PHILOSOPHERS 367 haste of
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AMERICAN PHILOSOPHERS 369 foundatio
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AMERICAN PHILOSOPHERS 371 ogy gradu
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AMERICAN PHILOSOPHERS 373 Santayana
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AMERICAN PHILOSOPHERS 375 him while
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AMERICAN PHILOSOPHERS 377 ruled by
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AMERICAN PHILOSOPHERS 379 racy and
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AMERICAN PHILOSOPHERS 381 soul has
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AMERICAN PHILOSOPHERS 383 of the En
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AMERICAN PHILOSOPHERS 385 must not
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AMERICAN PHILOSOPHERS 387 it would
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AMERICAN PHILOSOPHERS 389 nonsense
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AMERICAN PHILOSOPHERS 39I the instr
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AMERICAN PHILOSOPHERS 393 powerful
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AMERICAN PHILOSOPHERS 395 The exper
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CONCLUSION 397 disturbed and unbala
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400 GLOSSARY Hedonism: the doctrine
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Bibliography Diogenes Lacrtius: Liv
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Abelard, 73 Abrahams, I., 119 Absol
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De Stael, Mme., 189 Determinism, 14
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La Rochefoucauld, 39, 334 Law, 146,
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Royce, J., 269, 367 Rumford, Count,
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