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150 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF SILK. most perpendicular, they emitted from their spinnijig appa ratus a sinall quantity of the glutinous secretion tcith which they construct their webs. This viscous substance being dra\m out by the ascending current of rarefied air into fine lines several feet in length, was carried upward, until tlie spiders, feeling themselves acted upon with suthcient force in that direction, quitted their hold of the objects on which they stood, and commenced their journey by mounting aloft. '• Whenever the hues became inadequate to the purpose for which they were intended, by adhering to any fixed body, they were immediately detached from the spinners and so converted into terrestrial gossamer, by means of the last pair c^ legs, and the proceedings just described were repeated ; which plainly proves that these operations result from a strong desire felt by the insects to eflfect an ascent*.'' Mr. BlackwaU has recently read a paper (still unpublished) in the Linnaean Society, confij:- matory of his opinions. 6. " Without going into the particulars," says Mr. Rennie, " of what agrees or disagrees in the above expeiiments with our own observations, we shall give a brief account of what we have actually seen in our researches. So far as we have determined, then, all the various species of spiders, how differ- ent soever the form of their webs may be, proceed in the circum- stance of shooting their hnes precisely aUke ; but those which we have found the most manageable in experimenting, are the small gossamer spider (Aranea ohtextrix, Bechstein), known by its shuiing blackish-broA\Ti body and reddish-brown semi- transparent legs ; but particularly the long-bodied spider ( Te- trognatha extensa, Latr.), which varies in color from green to brownish or grey—but has always a black line along the belly, with a silvery white or yeUownsh one on each side. The latter is cliiefly recommended by being a very indvistrious and persevering spinner, while its movements are easily seen, from the long cyhndrical form of its body and the length of its legs. '• "We placed the above two species with five or six others, in- cluding the garden, the domestic, and the labyrinlhic spiders, * Linn. Trans., vol. xv. p. 453.
SILKEN MATERIAL OF THE SPIDER. 151 in empty wine-glasses, set in tea-saucers filled with water, to prevent their escape. When they discovered, by repeated de- scents from the brinis of tlie glasses, that they were thus sur- rounded by a wêt ditch, they all set themselves to the task of throwing their silken bridges across. For this purpose they first endeavored to ascertain in what direction the wind blew, or rather (as the experiment was made in our study) which wây any current of air set,—by elevating their arms as we have seen sailors do in a dead calm. But, as it may prove more interesting to keep to one individual, we shall first watch the proceedings of the gossamer spider. " Finding no current of air on any quarter of the brim of the glass, it seemed to give up all hopes of constructing its bridge of escape, and placed itself in the attitude of repose ; but no sooner did we j^roduce a stream of air, by blowing gently towards its jjosition, than, fixing a thread to the glass, and layitig hold of it with one of its feet, by way of security, it placed its body in a vertical jjosition, with its spinnerets ex- tended outwards ; and immediately we had the pleasure of seeing a thread streaming out from them several feet in length, on which the little aeronaut sprung up into the air. We were convinced, from what we thus observed, that it was the double or bend of the thread which wâs blown into the air ; and we assigned as a reason for her previously attaching and drawing out a thread from the glass, the wish to give the wind a jôint dâppui—something upon which it might have a jiurchase, as a mechanic would say of a lever. The bend of the thread, then, on this view of the matter, woidd be carried out by the wind,—^would form the point of impulsion,— ând, of course, tlie escape bridge would be an ordinary line doubled." Such is the opinion of Mr. Rennie, which is strongly corrobo- rated by what has been said by M. Latreille—than whom no higher authority could be given. " When the animal," says he, " desires to cross a brook, she fixes to a tree or some other object one of the ends of her first threads, in order that the wmd or a current of air may carry the other beyond the obstacle* ;" * " L'un des bouts de ces premiers fils, afiii que le vent ou un courant
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Digitized by the Internet Arciiive
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THE HISTORY OF SILK, COTTON, LINEN,
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PREFACE. History, until a recent pe
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PREFACE. Vll How many of the grande
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PREFACE. jx life from the paintings
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COINTENTS. PART FIRST. ANCIENT HIST
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CONTENTS. Xlll fiilk-worra never br
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CONTENTS. XV silk-worms of India—
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CONTENTS. Xvii Pliny's account of S
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CONTENTS. Xix PART THIRD. ANCIENT H
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CONTENTS. XXI APPENDICES APPENDIX A
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LIST OF PLATES. I. Frontispiece—C
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2 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF va
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4 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF fe
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6 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF st
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: 8 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF
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10 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF t
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12 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF T
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14 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF S
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16 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF T
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18 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF g
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20 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF W
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CHAPTER II. HISTORY OF THE SILK MAN
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24 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF O
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26 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF I
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28 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OP a
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30 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OP W
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32 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF s
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34 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF l
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— 36 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE
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38 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF C
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40 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE, ETC
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44 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF t
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46 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF p
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48 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OP t
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60 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF c
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52 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF s
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54 CULTIVATION- AND MANUFACTURE OF
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56 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OP A
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58 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF C
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60 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF V
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62 CULTIVATION AND :MANUFACTURE OF
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64 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF K
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CHAPTER IV. HISTORY OF THE SILK MAN
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82 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OP S
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CHAPTER V. SILK AND GOLDEN TEXTURES
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86 SILK AND GOLDEN TEXTURES OF THE
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CHAPTER VI. SILVER TEXTURES, &c., O
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SILVER TEXTURES, ETC., OF THE ANCIE
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SILVER TEXTURES, ETC., OF THE ANCIE
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DESCRIPTION OF THE SILK-WORM. 99 in
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DESCRIPTION OF THE SILK-WORM. 101 a
Page 137 and 138: DESCRIPTION OF THE SILK-WORM. 103 w
Page 139 and 140: DESCRIPTION OF THE SILK-WORM. 105 a
Page 141 and 142: DESCRIPTION OF THE SILK-WORM. 107 W
Page 143 and 144: DESCRIPTION OF THE SILK-WORM, 109 a
Page 145 and 146: DESCRIPTION OF THE SILK-WORM. of an
Page 147 and 148: DESCRIPTION OF THE SILK-WORM. 113 b
Page 149 and 150: DESCRIPTION OF THE SILK-WORM. 115 w
Page 151 and 152: DESCRIPTION OF THE SILK-WORM. 117 *
Page 153: Silk Wfvrm. F/air///. ( v.coaii:;,
Page 156: 120 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF
Page 159 and 160: CHINESE MODE OF REARING' SILK-WORMS
Page 161 and 162: CHINESE MODE OF REARING SILK-WORMS,
Page 165 and 166: CHTNESE MODE OF REARmO SILK-WORMS,
Page 167 and 168: CHINESE MODE OF RAISING SILK-WORMS,
Page 169 and 170: CHINESE MODE OP REARING SILK-WORMS,
Page 177 and 178: SILKEN MATERIAL OF THE SPIDER. 139
Page 183 and 184: SILKEN MATERIAL OP THE SPIDER. 145
Page 187: SILKEN MATERIAL OF THE SPIDER. 149
Page 195 and 196: SILKEN MATERIAL OP THE SPIDER, 157
Page 201 and 202: SILKEN MATERIAL OF THE SPIDER 1G3 n
Page 209 and 210: SILKEN MATERIAL OF THE SPIDER. in i
Page 211: Spider;;. Willi the processes
Page 214 and 215: CHAPTER X. FIBRES OR SILKEN MATERIA
Page 216 and 217: 176 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF
Page 220 and 221: — 180 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE
Page 226 and 227: 186 FIBRES, on SILKEN MATERIAL OF T
Page 228 and 229: 188 FIBRES, OR SILKEN MATERIAL OF T
Page 230 and 231: 190 FIBRES, OR SILKEN MATERIAL OF T
Page 232 and 233: 192 THE MALLOW, ITS USES BY THE ANC
Page 234 and 235: 194 THE MALLOW, ITS USES BY THE ANC
Page 236 and 237: 196 THE MALLOW. ITS USES BY THE AN'
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198 THE MALLOW, ITS USKS BY THE ANC
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200 THE MALLOW, ITS USES BY THE ANC
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CHAPTER XIII. SPARTUM, OR SPANISH B
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204 SPARTUM OR SPANISH BROOM : Stil
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206 SPARTUM OR SPANISH BROOM : of t
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208 SPARTUM OR SPANISH BROOM : seem
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210 SPARTUM OR SPANISH BROOM : info
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212 SPARTUM OR SPANISH BROOM : C. B
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214 SPARTUM OR SPANISH BROOM : feed
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216 SPARTUM OR SPANISH BROOM. The a
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^^ 218 SHEEP BREEDING AND ^^^leê a
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220 SHEEP BREEDING AND is given us
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^ 222 SHEEP BREEDING AND sheep of S
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224 SHEEP BREEDING AND and enteipri
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226 SHEEP BREEDING AND proofs of th
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228 SHEEP BREEDING AND sheep were h
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230 SHEEP BREEDING AND "Anciently M
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232 SHEEP BREEDING AND are among th
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234 SHEEP BREEDING AND strong and l
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236 SHEEP BREEDING AND represents t
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238 SHEEP BREEDING AND practice est
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240 SHEEP BREEDING AND the principa
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242 SHEEP BREEDING AND Warbling wit
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244 SHEEP BREEDING AND Time has spa
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246 §HEEP BREEDING AND at the base
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248 SHEEP BREEDING AND ceeding ages
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250 SHEEP BREEDING AND Minerva, who
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252 SHEEP BREEDING AND natural feat
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254 SHEEP BREEDING AND of remark, t
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CHAPTER II. SHEEP-BREEDING AND PAST
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258 SHEEP BREEDING AND " I will set
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260 SHEEP BREEDING AND for the nymp
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262 SHEEP BREEDING AND which they w
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264 SHEEP BREEDING AND the comparis
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266 SHEEP BREEDING AND pretence dro
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268 SHEEP BREEDING AND Taientine, b
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270 SHEEP BREEDING AND Sybaris, bla
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272 SHEEP BREEDING AND Did thy wool
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274 SHEEP BREEDING AND Scutana, whi
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27G SHEEP BREEDING AND and clothier
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278 SHEEP BREEDING AND The reader w
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280 SHEEP BREEDING AND impression,
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CHAPTER III. SHEEP BREEDING AND PAS
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284 SHEEP BREEDING AND in the most
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286 SHEEP BREEDING AND colored brow
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288 SHEEP BREEDING AND have been al
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290 SHEEP BREEDING AND The customs
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292 SHEEP BREEDING AND expressions
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294 ANCIENT HISTORY OF THE GOAT. of
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296 ANCIENT HISTORY OF THE GOAT. th
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298 AXCIEXT HISTORY OF THE GOAT. he
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300 ANCIEXT HISTORY OF THE GOAT. sa
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302 ANCIENT HISTORY OF THE GOAT. mi
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304 ANCIENT HISTORY OF THE GOAT. ha
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306 ANCIENT HISTORY OF THE GOAT. pu
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308 ANCIENT HISTORY OF THE GOAT. of
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310 BEAVERS-WOOL. " An upper garmen
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CHAPTER VI. CAMELS-WOOL AND CAMELS-
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314 CAMELS'-WOOL AND CAMELs'-HAIR.
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;^ ^
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316 THE COTTON MANUFACTURE. ton, an
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318 THE COTTON MANUFACTURE. in the
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320 THE COTTON MANUFACTURE. Also th
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322 THE COTTON MANUFACTURE. the Kal
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324 THE COTTOX MANUFACTURE. been al
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326 THE COTTON MANUFACTURE. Tenuai
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328 THE COTTON MANUFACTURE. There a
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330 THE COTTON MANUFACTURE. preciou
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332 THE COTTON MANUFACTURE. . color
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334 ANCIENT HISTORY OF and almost i
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'^'^'* ANCIENT HISTORY OF ^Ve or th
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338 ANCIENT HISTORY OF Mr. Ralph Fi
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340 ANCIENT HISTORY OF assemblage o
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342 ANCIENT HISTORY OF fingers dry
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344 ANCIENT HISTORY OP and cleaning
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346 ANCIENT HISTORY OF bodily exert
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— 348 ANCIENT HISTORY OF publishe
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— 350 ANCIENT HISTORY OF ED THE R
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352 ANCIENT HISTORY OF " That the f
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354 ANCIENT HISTORY OP replace it h
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356 ANCIENT HISTORY OP COMPARATIVE
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PART FOURTH. ANCIENT HISTORY OF THE
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360 ANCIENT HISTORY OF Stiabo, Pano
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362 A^-CIENT history of he had an o
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364 ANCIENT HISTORY OF in the banda
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366 ANCIENT HISTORY OF companied th
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368 AK^CIENT HISTORY OF linen only,
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370 ANCIENT HISTORY OP planation. T
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372 ANCIENT HISTORY OF Ptolemy Epip
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374 ANCIENT HISTORY OF Pollux and s
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376 ANCIENT HISTORY OF general appl
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378 ANCIENT HISTORY OF produced, i.
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380 ANCIENT HISTORY OP Palestine, a
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382 ANCIENT HISTORY OF Lam. ii. 20,
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384 ANCIENT HISTORY OF Setabis et t
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386 ANCIENT HISTORY OF THE LINEN MA
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388 CULTIVATION AND USES OF horses,
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390 CULTIVATION AND USES OF 2. The
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CHAPTER HI. ASBESTOS. Uses of Asbes
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394 USES OF ASBESTOS, dant qu'il le
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396 USES OF ASBESTOS. Great Khan. I
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398 USES OF ASBESTOS. The monks on
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The annexed Map (Plate VII.) is des
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402 ON pliny's natural history. and
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404 ON THE ORIGIN AND MANUFACTURE O
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414 MANUFACTURE AND USE OF APPENDIX
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416 MANUFACTURE AND USE OF the cold
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418 MANUFACTURE AND USE OF 0aKTpov,
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420 MANUFACTURE AND USE OF This obs
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422 MANUFACTVRE AND USE OP leus fro
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424 MANUFACTURE AND USE OF sian cap
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426 MANUFACTURE AND USE OF done in
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428 MANUFACTURE AND USE OF Callimac
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430 MANUFACTURE AND USE OP worn by
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432 MANUFACTURE AND USE OF monly wo
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434 MANUFACTURE AND USE OF the fanc
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436 MANUFACTURE AND USE OF APPENDIX
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438 MANUFACTURE AND USE OF the wild
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440 MANUFACTURE AND USE OF At puer
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442 MANUFACTURE AND USE OF riarij w
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444 MANUFACTURE AND USE OF that the
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446 MANUFACTURE AND USE OF net cons
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44S MANUFACTURE AND USE OF been abo
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450 MANUFACTURE AND USE OF Lydians
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452 MANUFACTURE AND USE OF The foll
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454 MANUFACTURE AND USE OF both the
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456 MANUFACTURE AND tSE OP Let this
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458 MANUFACTURE AND USE OF viii. 12
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460 MANUFACTURE AND USE OP full of
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462 MANUFACTURE AND USE OF taken al
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464 MANUFACTURE AND USE OF NETS BY
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