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192 THE MALLOW, ITS USES BY THE ANCIENTS. Fools ! JNî/Trioi, oi6 icraatv oc;,i 7;\ioii iljiiav vavTOi, OiS' Saov iv fia\d^r;TC Kat aa(puii\w jiCy Svciap.— Op. cl DlCS, 41. not to know how much more the half is than the whole, and how much benefit there is in mallows and asphodel. A dish of these vegetables was probably the cheapest of all kinds of food ; they grew wild in the meadow and by the way- side, and were gathered and dressed without any labor or trouble. Various authors however mention the cultivation of the Common Mallow in gardens. See Virgil, Morctmii, 73. Pliny, Hist. Nat. 1. xix. c. 22 and 31. Isidori Orig. 1. xvii. c. 10. Papiee Vocabular. v. Malva. Geoponica, xii. 1. Palladuis, iii. 24. xi. U. Dioscorides [1. ii. c. III.) calls it the Garden Mallow. Aris- tophanes (Phitus 544.) mentions eating the shoots of mallows instead of bread, intending by this to represent a vile and des- titute kind of living. Plutarch {Septem Sajnentmn Con- viviuni) says, " The mallow is good for food, and the Anther- icus is sweet." According to Le Clerc 6 dvdtpiKOi [Anthericus) means the scapus of the asphodel : if he is right, this plant was eaten as we now eat asparagus. It is also remarkable that on this supposition Plutarch mentions the same two plants, which are also mentioned together by Hesiod. According to Theophrastus [Hist. Plant, vii. 7.2.) the mallow was not eaten raw, as in a salad, but required to be cooked. Cicero {Epist. ad Fam. vii. 26.) mentions the highly-seasoned vegetables at a dinner given by his friend Lentulus. Having been made ill by them, he says, that he, " who easily abstain- ed from oysters and lampreys, had been deceived by beet and mallows." Probaljly the leaves of the mallow were on this occasion boiled, chopped, and seasoned, much in the same way as spinach is now prepared in France. Moschus in the following well-known lines refers to the common mallow together \vith other culinary vegetables A?, a\, ToX naXaâi fiti', tTuv Kara KaTiov iAcoirai, 'Hê ra ^'Kuipa ui\iva, t6 t cvOaXis ovXov avrtdov, "Yarcpov av ôjovTi, ko'l c!s Uto; I'iXXo ipvovTi. Mallows, alas ! die down, and parsley, and flourishing fennel ; Then they spring up afresh, and live next year in the garden. :
FITNESS OF THE MALLOW FOR MAKING CLOTH. 193 This is accurately true of the common mallow, the root of which is perennial, so that the stems grow up and die down again every year. Accordingly Theophrastus brings it as an example of a plant with annual stems*. Horace in two passages signifies his partiaUty to mallows, caUing them " leves^'^ light to digest. Let olives be my food, endive, and mallows light. Mallows, salubrious to a frame o'er-filled. Od. I. i. 31. V. IG. Epod. 2. 57. Martial recommends this vegetable on account of its laxative effect: Utere lactucis, et mollibus utere malvis. (iii. 47.) Exoneratarus ventrem mihi villica malvas Attulit, et varias, quas habet hortus, opes. (x. 48.) Diphilus of Siphnos [as quoted hy AfhcncBus, I. ii; ]?. 5S. E. Casaub.), after enumerating tlie medical virtues of the Common Mallow, says, that " the \\Tld was better than the culti- vated kind." Without quoting other classical authorities, the ancient practice may be illustrated by the observations of modern travellers, who mention that the Common Mallow is still an article of con- sumption in the same parts of the woild. BiddiUph, who visited Syria about the year 1600, says, he " saw near Aleppo many poor people gathering mallows, and three-leaved grass, and asked them what they did with it, and they answered, that it was all their food, and that they boiled it, and did eat it." {Collection of Voyages ayid Travels from the Library of the E. of Oxford, p. 807.) Dr. Sibthorp states, that the Malva Silvestris grows Avild in Cyprus, and is called M6\o,xa. He also sa3's, " The wild mallow is very common about Athens : the leaves are boiled and eaten as a pot-herb, and an ingredient in the Dolma." (ik/e- moirs relating to European and Asiatic Turkey, edited by Walpole, p. 245.) Dr. Holland mentions both Malva Silves- * Hist. Plant. 1. vii. c. 8. p. 142. Heinsii. 240. Schneider. 25
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Digitized by the Internet Arciiive
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THE HISTORY OF SILK, COTTON, LINEN,
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PREFACE. History, until a recent pe
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PREFACE. Vll How many of the grande
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PREFACE. jx life from the paintings
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COINTENTS. PART FIRST. ANCIENT HIST
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CONTENTS. Xlll fiilk-worra never br
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CONTENTS. XV silk-worms of India—
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CONTENTS. Xvii Pliny's account of S
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CONTENTS. Xix PART THIRD. ANCIENT H
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CONTENTS. XXI APPENDICES APPENDIX A
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LIST OF PLATES. I. Frontispiece—C
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2 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF va
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4 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF fe
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6 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF st
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: 8 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF
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10 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF t
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12 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF T
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14 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF S
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16 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF T
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18 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF g
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20 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF W
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CHAPTER II. HISTORY OF THE SILK MAN
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24 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF O
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26 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF I
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28 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OP a
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30 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OP W
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32 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF s
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34 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF l
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— 36 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE
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38 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF C
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40 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE, ETC
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44 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF t
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46 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF p
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48 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OP t
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60 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF c
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52 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF s
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54 CULTIVATION- AND MANUFACTURE OF
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56 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OP A
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58 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF C
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60 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF V
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62 CULTIVATION AND :MANUFACTURE OF
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64 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF K
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CHAPTER IV. HISTORY OF THE SILK MAN
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82 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OP S
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CHAPTER V. SILK AND GOLDEN TEXTURES
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86 SILK AND GOLDEN TEXTURES OF THE
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CHAPTER VI. SILVER TEXTURES, &c., O
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SILVER TEXTURES, ETC., OF THE ANCIE
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SILVER TEXTURES, ETC., OF THE ANCIE
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DESCRIPTION OF THE SILK-WORM. 99 in
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DESCRIPTION OF THE SILK-WORM. 101 a
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DESCRIPTION OF THE SILK-WORM. 103 w
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DESCRIPTION OF THE SILK-WORM. 105 a
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DESCRIPTION OF THE SILK-WORM. 107 W
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DESCRIPTION OF THE SILK-WORM, 109 a
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DESCRIPTION OF THE SILK-WORM. of an
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DESCRIPTION OF THE SILK-WORM. 113 b
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DESCRIPTION OF THE SILK-WORM. 115 w
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DESCRIPTION OF THE SILK-WORM. 117 *
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Silk Wfvrm. F/air///. ( v.coaii:;,
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120 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF
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CHINESE MODE OF REARING' SILK-WORMS
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CHINESE MODE OF REARING SILK-WORMS,
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CHTNESE MODE OF REARmO SILK-WORMS,
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CHINESE MODE OF RAISING SILK-WORMS,
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CHINESE MODE OP REARING SILK-WORMS,
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SILKEN MATERIAL OF THE SPIDER. 139
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SILKEN MATERIAL OF THE SPIDER. 141
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Page 183 and 184: SILKEN MATERIAL OP THE SPIDER. 145
Page 195 and 196: SILKEN MATERIAL OP THE SPIDER, 157
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Page 209 and 210: SILKEN MATERIAL OF THE SPIDER. in i
Page 211: Spider;;. Willi the processes
Page 214 and 215: CHAPTER X. FIBRES OR SILKEN MATERIA
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Page 228 and 229: 188 FIBRES, OR SILKEN MATERIAL OF T
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Page 234 and 235: 194 THE MALLOW, ITS USES BY THE ANC
Page 236 and 237: 196 THE MALLOW. ITS USES BY THE AN'
Page 238 and 239: 198 THE MALLOW, ITS USKS BY THE ANC
Page 240 and 241: 200 THE MALLOW, ITS USES BY THE ANC
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Page 252 and 253: 212 SPARTUM OR SPANISH BROOM : C. B
Page 254 and 255: 214 SPARTUM OR SPANISH BROOM : feed
Page 256 and 257: 216 SPARTUM OR SPANISH BROOM. The a
Page 258 and 259: ^^ 218 SHEEP BREEDING AND ^^^leê a
Page 260 and 261: 220 SHEEP BREEDING AND is given us
Page 262 and 263: ^ 222 SHEEP BREEDING AND sheep of S
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Page 268 and 269: 228 SHEEP BREEDING AND sheep were h
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Page 276 and 277: 236 SHEEP BREEDING AND represents t
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Page 280 and 281: 240 SHEEP BREEDING AND the principa
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242 SHEEP BREEDING AND Warbling wit
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244 SHEEP BREEDING AND Time has spa
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246 §HEEP BREEDING AND at the base
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248 SHEEP BREEDING AND ceeding ages
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250 SHEEP BREEDING AND Minerva, who
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252 SHEEP BREEDING AND natural feat
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254 SHEEP BREEDING AND of remark, t
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CHAPTER II. SHEEP-BREEDING AND PAST
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258 SHEEP BREEDING AND " I will set
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260 SHEEP BREEDING AND for the nymp
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262 SHEEP BREEDING AND which they w
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264 SHEEP BREEDING AND the comparis
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266 SHEEP BREEDING AND pretence dro
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268 SHEEP BREEDING AND Taientine, b
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270 SHEEP BREEDING AND Sybaris, bla
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272 SHEEP BREEDING AND Did thy wool
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274 SHEEP BREEDING AND Scutana, whi
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27G SHEEP BREEDING AND and clothier
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278 SHEEP BREEDING AND The reader w
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280 SHEEP BREEDING AND impression,
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CHAPTER III. SHEEP BREEDING AND PAS
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284 SHEEP BREEDING AND in the most
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286 SHEEP BREEDING AND colored brow
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288 SHEEP BREEDING AND have been al
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290 SHEEP BREEDING AND The customs
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292 SHEEP BREEDING AND expressions
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294 ANCIENT HISTORY OF THE GOAT. of
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296 ANCIENT HISTORY OF THE GOAT. th
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298 AXCIEXT HISTORY OF THE GOAT. he
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300 ANCIEXT HISTORY OF THE GOAT. sa
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302 ANCIENT HISTORY OF THE GOAT. mi
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304 ANCIENT HISTORY OF THE GOAT. ha
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306 ANCIENT HISTORY OF THE GOAT. pu
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308 ANCIENT HISTORY OF THE GOAT. of
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310 BEAVERS-WOOL. " An upper garmen
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CHAPTER VI. CAMELS-WOOL AND CAMELS-
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314 CAMELS'-WOOL AND CAMELs'-HAIR.
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;^ ^
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316 THE COTTON MANUFACTURE. ton, an
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318 THE COTTON MANUFACTURE. in the
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320 THE COTTON MANUFACTURE. Also th
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322 THE COTTON MANUFACTURE. the Kal
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324 THE COTTOX MANUFACTURE. been al
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326 THE COTTON MANUFACTURE. Tenuai
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328 THE COTTON MANUFACTURE. There a
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330 THE COTTON MANUFACTURE. preciou
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332 THE COTTON MANUFACTURE. . color
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334 ANCIENT HISTORY OF and almost i
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'^'^'* ANCIENT HISTORY OF ^Ve or th
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338 ANCIENT HISTORY OF Mr. Ralph Fi
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340 ANCIENT HISTORY OF assemblage o
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342 ANCIENT HISTORY OF fingers dry
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344 ANCIENT HISTORY OP and cleaning
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346 ANCIENT HISTORY OF bodily exert
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— 348 ANCIENT HISTORY OF publishe
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— 350 ANCIENT HISTORY OF ED THE R
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352 ANCIENT HISTORY OF " That the f
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354 ANCIENT HISTORY OP replace it h
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356 ANCIENT HISTORY OP COMPARATIVE
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PART FOURTH. ANCIENT HISTORY OF THE
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360 ANCIENT HISTORY OF Stiabo, Pano
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362 A^-CIENT history of he had an o
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364 ANCIENT HISTORY OF in the banda
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366 ANCIENT HISTORY OF companied th
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368 AK^CIENT HISTORY OF linen only,
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370 ANCIENT HISTORY OP planation. T
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372 ANCIENT HISTORY OF Ptolemy Epip
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374 ANCIENT HISTORY OF Pollux and s
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376 ANCIENT HISTORY OF general appl
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378 ANCIENT HISTORY OF produced, i.
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380 ANCIENT HISTORY OP Palestine, a
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382 ANCIENT HISTORY OF Lam. ii. 20,
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384 ANCIENT HISTORY OF Setabis et t
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386 ANCIENT HISTORY OF THE LINEN MA
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388 CULTIVATION AND USES OF horses,
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390 CULTIVATION AND USES OF 2. The
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CHAPTER HI. ASBESTOS. Uses of Asbes
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394 USES OF ASBESTOS, dant qu'il le
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396 USES OF ASBESTOS. Great Khan. I
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398 USES OF ASBESTOS. The monks on
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The annexed Map (Plate VII.) is des
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402 ON pliny's natural history. and
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404 ON THE ORIGIN AND MANUFACTURE O
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414 MANUFACTURE AND USE OF APPENDIX
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416 MANUFACTURE AND USE OF the cold
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418 MANUFACTURE AND USE OF 0aKTpov,
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420 MANUFACTURE AND USE OF This obs
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422 MANUFACTVRE AND USE OP leus fro
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424 MANUFACTURE AND USE OF sian cap
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426 MANUFACTURE AND USE OF done in
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428 MANUFACTURE AND USE OF Callimac
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430 MANUFACTURE AND USE OP worn by
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432 MANUFACTURE AND USE OF monly wo
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434 MANUFACTURE AND USE OF the fanc
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436 MANUFACTURE AND USE OF APPENDIX
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438 MANUFACTURE AND USE OF the wild
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440 MANUFACTURE AND USE OF At puer
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442 MANUFACTURE AND USE OF riarij w
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444 MANUFACTURE AND USE OF that the
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446 MANUFACTURE AND USE OF net cons
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44S MANUFACTURE AND USE OF been abo
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450 MANUFACTURE AND USE OF Lydians
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452 MANUFACTURE AND USE OF The foll
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454 MANUFACTURE AND USE OF both the
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456 MANUFACTURE AND tSE OP Let this
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458 MANUFACTURE AND USE OF viii. 12
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460 MANUFACTURE AND USE OP full of
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462 MANUFACTURE AND USE OF taken al
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464 MANUFACTURE AND USE OF NETS BY
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