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322 THE COTTON MANUFACTURE. the Kalends of August, protected the forum from the rays of the sun, tliat the persons engaged in lawsuits might stand with less injury to then- health. What a change from the manners which prevailed under Cato the Censor, who thought that the forum should even be strewed with caltrops I Of late sky-blue awnings, spotted with stars, have been extended by means of strong ropes, even in the am- phitheatre of the Emperor Nero. Red awnings are used to cover the atria of houses, and they defend the moss from the sun. As for the rest, wliite linen has always remained in favor. This plant was honored in the Trojan war. For why should it. not perforin its part in battles as well as in shipwrecks ? Homer testifies, that a few of his warriors fought in linen cuirasses. The tackle of his ships was also of flax, according to some of his more learned interpreters, who ar- gue that by the term spuria he meant sata, or things that are so^vn." Lib. xix. chap. vi. — Pliny, Lucretius apparently refers to the introduction by Lentulus Spinther of the cotton awnings above mentioned (vi. lOS.), when he is theorising on the cause of thunder, and compares the clouds spread over the sky to the a^^^lings of calico, which veiled the theatres and sheltered the spectators from the sun : Carbasus ut quondam magnis intenta theatris Dat crepitum, malos inter jactata trabeisque. As flaps the cotton, spread above our heads In the vast theatres from meist to beam. TVe now find frequent mention of cotton by the poets of the Augustan age and by many subsequent writers. As in the case of silkj these authors introduce cotton, not only historically, but for the purpose of embellishment ; and, considering Carba- sus as a poetical term, they often b}^ a catachresis employ it where they mean to speak of Imen. Also as was before oli- served in regard to silk (Part I. chapter II.), it may likcAvise be noticed here, that the wars against Mithridates and the Par- thians may have contributed to make the Romans famihar with the use of cotton, although their chief supply of it was more probably through Egypt, than through Persia and Baby- lonia. Linen awnings first used in the theatre at the dedication of the temple of Jupiter by Catulus 69 B. C. Cotton awTiings first used in the theatre by Lentulus Spinther, July 6th, 63 B. C. Linen used to cover the forum and Via Sacra at the gladiatorial show by Julius CiEsar - - - - - - - - -46B. C- Linen awnings extended over the forum by Marcellus, July 31st - 23 B. C
THE COTTON MANUFACTURE. 323 Catullus (64.), speaking of the black sail Avliich iEgeus fur- nished for the ships of his son Theseus, calls it " Carbasus Ibera,^^ " an Iberian sail." As, on the one hand, he here uses the proper term for cotton, without intending to describe the sail as cotton, so on the other hand he calls the sail Iberian merely because Iberia was a country adjoining Colchis, and from Colchis (as will be shown in Part LV.) the Greeks and Romans obtained a great supply of flax and sail-cloth. TibuUus, or Lygdamus, entreats (iii. 2. 17.), in the contem- plation of his death and funeral, that after his bones have been washed, first with wine, and then with milk, they may be dried " carbaseis velis," with linen napkins. Although he uses the proper term for cotton, he probably did not intend to denote any preference for cotton rather than linen. His bones, after being wiped, were to be deposited in a marble urn. Propertius seems to have aimed at a display of knowledge on these subjects (see Part First, chapter II.) ; and in the follow- ing passage (iv. 3.) he probably used Carhasa in its proper sense, as he is referring to Eastern habits Raptave odorata carbasa lina duci. Muslins taken among the spoils from a scented general In the last Elegy of the same Book he refers to the story of the young Vestal virgin, who, when the flame was extinguished upon the altar committed to her care, and when the scourge appeared to await her for her neglect, threw upon the ashes a fillet of muslin from her head, and saved her life by its ignition, which was supposed to be effected by the favor of the goddess Vel cui, commissos cum Vesta rcposceret ignes, Exhibuit vivos carbasus alba focos. The fire had died, and Vesta urged her claim, When the while cotton show'd a living flame. The story is related by Valerius Maximus (i. 7.). Although we are not informed of the date of the event, it appears from his language that the fillet was of fine muslin : : '•' Cum carha- sum^ quam optimam hahehat, foculo imposuisset, subito ignis emicuit." This description is well suited to the nature of cot ton, than which nothing was more easily ignited. The passage in Virgil's Georgics, which mentions cotton, has :
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Digitized by the Internet Arciiive
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THE HISTORY OF SILK, COTTON, LINEN,
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PREFACE. History, until a recent pe
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PREFACE. Vll How many of the grande
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PREFACE. jx life from the paintings
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COINTENTS. PART FIRST. ANCIENT HIST
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CONTENTS. Xlll fiilk-worra never br
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CONTENTS. XV silk-worms of India—
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CONTENTS. Xvii Pliny's account of S
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CONTENTS. Xix PART THIRD. ANCIENT H
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CONTENTS. XXI APPENDICES APPENDIX A
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LIST OF PLATES. I. Frontispiece—C
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2 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF va
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4 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF fe
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6 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF st
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: 8 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF
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10 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF t
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12 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF T
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14 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF S
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16 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF T
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18 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF g
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20 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF W
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CHAPTER II. HISTORY OF THE SILK MAN
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24 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF O
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26 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF I
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28 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OP a
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30 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OP W
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32 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF s
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34 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF l
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— 36 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE
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38 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF C
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40 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE, ETC
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44 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF t
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46 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF p
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48 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OP t
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60 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF c
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52 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF s
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54 CULTIVATION- AND MANUFACTURE OF
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56 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OP A
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58 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF C
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60 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF V
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62 CULTIVATION AND :MANUFACTURE OF
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64 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF K
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CHAPTER IV. HISTORY OF THE SILK MAN
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82 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OP S
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CHAPTER V. SILK AND GOLDEN TEXTURES
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86 SILK AND GOLDEN TEXTURES OF THE
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CHAPTER VI. SILVER TEXTURES, &c., O
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SILVER TEXTURES, ETC., OF THE ANCIE
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SILVER TEXTURES, ETC., OF THE ANCIE
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DESCRIPTION OF THE SILK-WORM. 99 in
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DESCRIPTION OF THE SILK-WORM. 101 a
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DESCRIPTION OF THE SILK-WORM. 103 w
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DESCRIPTION OF THE SILK-WORM. 105 a
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DESCRIPTION OF THE SILK-WORM. 107 W
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DESCRIPTION OF THE SILK-WORM, 109 a
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DESCRIPTION OF THE SILK-WORM. of an
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DESCRIPTION OF THE SILK-WORM. 113 b
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DESCRIPTION OF THE SILK-WORM. 115 w
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DESCRIPTION OF THE SILK-WORM. 117 *
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Silk Wfvrm. F/air///. ( v.coaii:;,
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120 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF
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CHINESE MODE OF REARING' SILK-WORMS
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CHINESE MODE OF REARING SILK-WORMS,
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CHTNESE MODE OF REARmO SILK-WORMS,
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CHINESE MODE OF RAISING SILK-WORMS,
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CHINESE MODE OP REARING SILK-WORMS,
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SILKEN MATERIAL OF THE SPIDER. 139
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SILKEN MATERIAL OP THE SPIDER. 145
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SILKEN MATERIAL OP THE SPIDER, 157
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SILKEN MATERIAL OF THE SPIDER 1G3 n
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SILKEN MATERIAL OF THE SPIDER. in i
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Spider;;. Willi the processes
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CHAPTER X. FIBRES OR SILKEN MATERIA
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— 180 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE
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186 FIBRES, on SILKEN MATERIAL OF T
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188 FIBRES, OR SILKEN MATERIAL OF T
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190 FIBRES, OR SILKEN MATERIAL OF T
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192 THE MALLOW, ITS USES BY THE ANC
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196 THE MALLOW. ITS USES BY THE AN'
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198 THE MALLOW, ITS USKS BY THE ANC
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CHAPTER XIII. SPARTUM, OR SPANISH B
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204 SPARTUM OR SPANISH BROOM : Stil
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206 SPARTUM OR SPANISH BROOM : of t
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208 SPARTUM OR SPANISH BROOM : seem
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210 SPARTUM OR SPANISH BROOM : info
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212 SPARTUM OR SPANISH BROOM : C. B
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214 SPARTUM OR SPANISH BROOM : feed
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216 SPARTUM OR SPANISH BROOM. The a
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^^ 218 SHEEP BREEDING AND ^^^le^e a
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220 SHEEP BREEDING AND is given us
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^ 222 SHEEP BREEDING AND sheep of S
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224 SHEEP BREEDING AND and enteipri
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226 SHEEP BREEDING AND proofs of th
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228 SHEEP BREEDING AND sheep were h
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230 SHEEP BREEDING AND "Anciently M
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232 SHEEP BREEDING AND are among th
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234 SHEEP BREEDING AND strong and l
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236 SHEEP BREEDING AND represents t
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238 SHEEP BREEDING AND practice est
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240 SHEEP BREEDING AND the principa
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242 SHEEP BREEDING AND Warbling wit
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244 SHEEP BREEDING AND Time has spa
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246 §HEEP BREEDING AND at the base
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248 SHEEP BREEDING AND ceeding ages
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250 SHEEP BREEDING AND Minerva, who
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252 SHEEP BREEDING AND natural feat
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254 SHEEP BREEDING AND of remark, t
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CHAPTER II. SHEEP-BREEDING AND PAST
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258 SHEEP BREEDING AND " I will set
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260 SHEEP BREEDING AND for the nymp
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262 SHEEP BREEDING AND which they w
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264 SHEEP BREEDING AND the comparis
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266 SHEEP BREEDING AND pretence dro
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268 SHEEP BREEDING AND Taientine, b
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270 SHEEP BREEDING AND Sybaris, bla
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272 SHEEP BREEDING AND Did thy wool
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Page 316 and 317: 27G SHEEP BREEDING AND and clothier
Page 318 and 319: 278 SHEEP BREEDING AND The reader w
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Page 328 and 329: 288 SHEEP BREEDING AND have been al
Page 330 and 331: 290 SHEEP BREEDING AND The customs
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Page 334 and 335: 294 ANCIENT HISTORY OF THE GOAT. of
Page 336 and 337: 296 ANCIENT HISTORY OF THE GOAT. th
Page 338 and 339: 298 AXCIEXT HISTORY OF THE GOAT. he
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Page 346 and 347: 306 ANCIENT HISTORY OF THE GOAT. pu
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Page 376 and 377: 334 ANCIENT HISTORY OF and almost i
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Page 380 and 381: 338 ANCIENT HISTORY OF Mr. Ralph Fi
Page 382 and 383: 340 ANCIENT HISTORY OF assemblage o
Page 384 and 385: 342 ANCIENT HISTORY OF fingers dry
Page 386 and 387: 344 ANCIENT HISTORY OP and cleaning
Page 388 and 389: 346 ANCIENT HISTORY OF bodily exert
Page 390 and 391: — 348 ANCIENT HISTORY OF publishe
Page 392 and 393: — 350 ANCIENT HISTORY OF ED THE R
Page 394 and 395: 352 ANCIENT HISTORY OF " That the f
Page 396 and 397: 354 ANCIENT HISTORY OP replace it h
Page 398 and 399: 356 ANCIENT HISTORY OP COMPARATIVE
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Page 406 and 407: 362 A^-CIENT history of he had an o
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370 ANCIENT HISTORY OP planation. T
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372 ANCIENT HISTORY OF Ptolemy Epip
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374 ANCIENT HISTORY OF Pollux and s
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376 ANCIENT HISTORY OF general appl
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378 ANCIENT HISTORY OF produced, i.
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380 ANCIENT HISTORY OP Palestine, a
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382 ANCIENT HISTORY OF Lam. ii. 20,
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384 ANCIENT HISTORY OF Setabis et t
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386 ANCIENT HISTORY OF THE LINEN MA
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388 CULTIVATION AND USES OF horses,
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390 CULTIVATION AND USES OF 2. The
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CHAPTER HI. ASBESTOS. Uses of Asbes
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394 USES OF ASBESTOS, dant qu'il le
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396 USES OF ASBESTOS. Great Khan. I
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398 USES OF ASBESTOS. The monks on
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The annexed Map (Plate VII.) is des
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402 ON pliny's natural history. and
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404 ON THE ORIGIN AND MANUFACTURE O
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414 MANUFACTURE AND USE OF APPENDIX
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416 MANUFACTURE AND USE OF the cold
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418 MANUFACTURE AND USE OF 0aKTpov,
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420 MANUFACTURE AND USE OF This obs
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422 MANUFACTVRE AND USE OP leus fro
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424 MANUFACTURE AND USE OF sian cap
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426 MANUFACTURE AND USE OF done in
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428 MANUFACTURE AND USE OF Callimac
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430 MANUFACTURE AND USE OP worn by
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432 MANUFACTURE AND USE OF monly wo
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434 MANUFACTURE AND USE OF the fanc
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436 MANUFACTURE AND USE OF APPENDIX
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438 MANUFACTURE AND USE OF the wild
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440 MANUFACTURE AND USE OF At puer
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442 MANUFACTURE AND USE OF riarij w
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444 MANUFACTURE AND USE OF that the
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446 MANUFACTURE AND USE OF net cons
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44S MANUFACTURE AND USE OF been abo
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450 MANUFACTURE AND USE OF Lydians
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452 MANUFACTURE AND USE OF The foll
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454 MANUFACTURE AND USE OF both the
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456 MANUFACTURE AND tSE OP Let this
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458 MANUFACTURE AND USE OF viii. 12
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460 MANUFACTURE AND USE OP full of
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462 MANUFACTURE AND USE OF taken al
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464 MANUFACTURE AND USE OF NETS BY
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