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290 SHEEP BREEDING AND The customs of the shepherd tribes in the East are in this respect remarkably Hke those of the ancients. " The Arabs rarely diminish their flocks by using them for food, but live chiefly upon bread, dates, milk, butter, or what they receive in exchange for their wool. They however sell their sheep to the people in the towns. A lamb or kid roasted whole is a fav orite dish at Aleppo, but seldom eaten except by the rich*." When the Arabs have a sheep-shearing, they per- haps kill a lamb, and treat their relations and friends with it together with new cheese and milk, but nothing more. Among the Mohammedans sheep are sacrificed on certain days as a festive and at the same time a religious ceremony ; these cere- monies are of great antiquity and derived from Ai'ab heathen- ism. On the pilgrimage to Mecca every one is required to sacrifice a sheep at a certain place near Meccat. By the Law of Moses the sheep wâs a clean animal, and might consequently be eaten or sacrificed. A lamb or kid, roasted whole, was the principal and characteristic dish at the feast of the passover. The rich man kills a lamb to entertain his guest in the beautiful parable of Nathan. (2 Satii. xii. 4.) Sheep were killed on the festive occasion of shearing the very numerous flocks of Nabal. (1 Sam. xxv. 2. 11. 18.) An ox and six choice sheep were sacrificed daily for the numerous guests of Nehemiah, while he was building the wâll of Jeru- salem. {Neh. V. 17, 18.) Immense numbers of sheep and oxen were sacrificed at the dedication of Solomon's temple. (1 Kings, viii. 5. 63.) The prophet Ezekiel (xxxiv. 3.) describes the bad shepherd as selfishly eating the flesh and clothing himself Anth the wool of the sheep, without tending them with due care and labor. In the Suovetaurilia among the Romans a hog, a sheep, and a bull, their principal domestic animals, were sacrificed. A sheep was killed every day for the guards, who wâtched the tomb of C}Tus. {Arrian^ vol. i. j)- ^38, Blancardi.) In the * Harmer's Observations, vol. i. p. 393. ed. Clarke, t Hanner, p. 39. Pallas (Spicilegia Zoologica, Fasc. xi. p. 79.) speaks of the beautiful Iamb-skins from Bucharia, as being admired for their curled gray wool.
PASTORAL LIFE OF THE ANCIENTS. 291 Odyssey {p. 180-182.) a sacrifice is made and a feast prepared of sheep, goats, hogs, and a cow. Also in Od. v. 3. 250. sheep are sacrificed and furnish part of a feast. In order to ratify a treaty between the Greeks and Trojans, the former sacrificed a lamb of the male sex to Jupiter ; the latter one of the male sex and white to the Sun, and another of the female sex and black to the Earth. (II. y. 103, 104.) Sheep are sacrificed to Apollo at Delphi in Euripides, Ion, I. 230. 380. The rare in- stances of the use of sheep for food or sacrifice by the Egyptians have been already noticed. But, although sheep, both old and young, male and female, were sacrificed to the objects of rehgious worship and on other festive occasions were eaten, especially by the rich and great, yet their chief use was to supply clothing, and the nourishment they yielded consisted in their milk and the cheese made from it, rather than in their flesh. This fact is illustrated by the words of Solomon, formerly quoted, and in which he speaks of lambs for clothing and goat's 7nilk for food. In hke manner St. Paul says (1 Cor. ix. 7.), "Who planteth a vineyard, and eateth not of the fruit thereof? or who feedeth a flock, and eateth not of the milk of the flock ?" Varro thinks, that sheep were employed for the use of man be- fore any other animal on account of their usefulness and placid- ity, and he represents their use to consist in supplying cheese and milk for food, fleeces and skins for clothing*. In Uke manner Columella in his account of the use of sheep (vii. 2.) says, they af- forded the chief materials for clothing. In treating of their use for food, he mentions only their milk and cheese. Pliny refers to the employment of sheep both for sacrifices and for clothing. He also remarks, that as the ox is principally useful in obtain- ing food, to wit, by ploughing and other agricultural processes, the sheep, on the other hand, supplies materials for clothingt. The fact, that wool was among the ancients by far the most common material for making clothes, accounts for the various * De Re Rustica, 1. ii. cap. i. t See Appendix A.
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Digitized by the Internet Arciiive
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THE HISTORY OF SILK, COTTON, LINEN,
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PREFACE. History, until a recent pe
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PREFACE. Vll How many of the grande
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PREFACE. jx life from the paintings
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COINTENTS. PART FIRST. ANCIENT HIST
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CONTENTS. Xlll fiilk-worra never br
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CONTENTS. XV silk-worms of India—
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CONTENTS. Xvii Pliny's account of S
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CONTENTS. Xix PART THIRD. ANCIENT H
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CONTENTS. XXI APPENDICES APPENDIX A
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LIST OF PLATES. I. Frontispiece—C
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2 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF va
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4 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF fe
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6 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF st
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: 8 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF
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10 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF t
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12 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF T
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14 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF S
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16 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF T
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18 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF g
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20 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF W
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CHAPTER II. HISTORY OF THE SILK MAN
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24 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF O
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26 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF I
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28 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OP a
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30 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OP W
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32 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF s
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34 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF l
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— 36 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE
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38 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF C
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40 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE, ETC
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44 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF t
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46 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF p
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48 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OP t
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60 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF c
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52 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF s
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54 CULTIVATION- AND MANUFACTURE OF
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56 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OP A
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58 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF C
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60 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF V
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62 CULTIVATION AND :MANUFACTURE OF
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64 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF K
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CHAPTER IV. HISTORY OF THE SILK MAN
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82 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OP S
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CHAPTER V. SILK AND GOLDEN TEXTURES
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86 SILK AND GOLDEN TEXTURES OF THE
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CHAPTER VI. SILVER TEXTURES, &c., O
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SILVER TEXTURES, ETC., OF THE ANCIE
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SILVER TEXTURES, ETC., OF THE ANCIE
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DESCRIPTION OF THE SILK-WORM. 99 in
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DESCRIPTION OF THE SILK-WORM. 101 a
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DESCRIPTION OF THE SILK-WORM. 103 w
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DESCRIPTION OF THE SILK-WORM. 105 a
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DESCRIPTION OF THE SILK-WORM. 107 W
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DESCRIPTION OF THE SILK-WORM, 109 a
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DESCRIPTION OF THE SILK-WORM. of an
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DESCRIPTION OF THE SILK-WORM. 113 b
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DESCRIPTION OF THE SILK-WORM. 115 w
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DESCRIPTION OF THE SILK-WORM. 117 *
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Silk Wfvrm. F/air///. ( v.coaii:;,
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120 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE OF
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CHINESE MODE OF REARING' SILK-WORMS
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CHINESE MODE OF REARING SILK-WORMS,
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CHTNESE MODE OF REARmO SILK-WORMS,
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CHINESE MODE OF RAISING SILK-WORMS,
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CHINESE MODE OP REARING SILK-WORMS,
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SILKEN MATERIAL OF THE SPIDER. 139
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SILKEN MATERIAL OP THE SPIDER. 145
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SILKEN MATERIAL OP THE SPIDER, 157
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SILKEN MATERIAL OF THE SPIDER 1G3 n
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SILKEN MATERIAL OF THE SPIDER. in i
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Spider;;. Willi the processes
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CHAPTER X. FIBRES OR SILKEN MATERIA
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— 180 CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE
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186 FIBRES, on SILKEN MATERIAL OF T
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188 FIBRES, OR SILKEN MATERIAL OF T
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190 FIBRES, OR SILKEN MATERIAL OF T
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192 THE MALLOW, ITS USES BY THE ANC
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196 THE MALLOW. ITS USES BY THE AN'
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198 THE MALLOW, ITS USKS BY THE ANC
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CHAPTER XIII. SPARTUM, OR SPANISH B
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204 SPARTUM OR SPANISH BROOM : Stil
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206 SPARTUM OR SPANISH BROOM : of t
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208 SPARTUM OR SPANISH BROOM : seem
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210 SPARTUM OR SPANISH BROOM : info
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212 SPARTUM OR SPANISH BROOM : C. B
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214 SPARTUM OR SPANISH BROOM : feed
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216 SPARTUM OR SPANISH BROOM. The a
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^^ 218 SHEEP BREEDING AND ^^^leê a
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220 SHEEP BREEDING AND is given us
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^ 222 SHEEP BREEDING AND sheep of S
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224 SHEEP BREEDING AND and enteipri
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226 SHEEP BREEDING AND proofs of th
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228 SHEEP BREEDING AND sheep were h
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230 SHEEP BREEDING AND "Anciently M
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232 SHEEP BREEDING AND are among th
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234 SHEEP BREEDING AND strong and l
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236 SHEEP BREEDING AND represents t
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238 SHEEP BREEDING AND practice est
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Page 334 and 335: 294 ANCIENT HISTORY OF THE GOAT. of
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Page 372 and 373: 330 THE COTTON MANUFACTURE. preciou
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Page 376 and 377: 334 ANCIENT HISTORY OF and almost i
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338 ANCIENT HISTORY OF Mr. Ralph Fi
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340 ANCIENT HISTORY OF assemblage o
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342 ANCIENT HISTORY OF fingers dry
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344 ANCIENT HISTORY OP and cleaning
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346 ANCIENT HISTORY OF bodily exert
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— 348 ANCIENT HISTORY OF publishe
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— 350 ANCIENT HISTORY OF ED THE R
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352 ANCIENT HISTORY OF " That the f
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354 ANCIENT HISTORY OP replace it h
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356 ANCIENT HISTORY OP COMPARATIVE
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PART FOURTH. ANCIENT HISTORY OF THE
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360 ANCIENT HISTORY OF Stiabo, Pano
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362 A^-CIENT history of he had an o
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364 ANCIENT HISTORY OF in the banda
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366 ANCIENT HISTORY OF companied th
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368 AK^CIENT HISTORY OF linen only,
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370 ANCIENT HISTORY OP planation. T
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372 ANCIENT HISTORY OF Ptolemy Epip
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374 ANCIENT HISTORY OF Pollux and s
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376 ANCIENT HISTORY OF general appl
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378 ANCIENT HISTORY OF produced, i.
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380 ANCIENT HISTORY OP Palestine, a
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382 ANCIENT HISTORY OF Lam. ii. 20,
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384 ANCIENT HISTORY OF Setabis et t
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386 ANCIENT HISTORY OF THE LINEN MA
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388 CULTIVATION AND USES OF horses,
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390 CULTIVATION AND USES OF 2. The
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CHAPTER HI. ASBESTOS. Uses of Asbes
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394 USES OF ASBESTOS, dant qu'il le
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396 USES OF ASBESTOS. Great Khan. I
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398 USES OF ASBESTOS. The monks on
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The annexed Map (Plate VII.) is des
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402 ON pliny's natural history. and
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404 ON THE ORIGIN AND MANUFACTURE O
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414 MANUFACTURE AND USE OF APPENDIX
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416 MANUFACTURE AND USE OF the cold
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418 MANUFACTURE AND USE OF 0aKTpov,
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420 MANUFACTURE AND USE OF This obs
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422 MANUFACTVRE AND USE OP leus fro
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424 MANUFACTURE AND USE OF sian cap
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426 MANUFACTURE AND USE OF done in
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428 MANUFACTURE AND USE OF Callimac
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430 MANUFACTURE AND USE OP worn by
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432 MANUFACTURE AND USE OF monly wo
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434 MANUFACTURE AND USE OF the fanc
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436 MANUFACTURE AND USE OF APPENDIX
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438 MANUFACTURE AND USE OF the wild
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440 MANUFACTURE AND USE OF At puer
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442 MANUFACTURE AND USE OF riarij w
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444 MANUFACTURE AND USE OF that the
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446 MANUFACTURE AND USE OF net cons
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44S MANUFACTURE AND USE OF been abo
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450 MANUFACTURE AND USE OF Lydians
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452 MANUFACTURE AND USE OF The foll
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454 MANUFACTURE AND USE OF both the
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456 MANUFACTURE AND tSE OP Let this
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458 MANUFACTURE AND USE OF viii. 12
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460 MANUFACTURE AND USE OP full of
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462 MANUFACTURE AND USE OF taken al
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464 MANUFACTURE AND USE OF NETS BY
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