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Improving Access to Labour market Information for migrants and employers 162 to work where there is a labour demand. 79 Visiting students who have completed studies for one semester are entitled to apply for a work and residence permit from within Sweden. Asylum-seekers whose asylum application has been rejected may also be granted a work permit without leaving Sweden. A prerequisite is that the asylum-seeker has worked for six months with a one-year offer of continued work. A residence and work permit is granted for no more than two years at a time. The permit may be extended one or more times. The labour migrant may be granted a permanent residence permit if he or she has worked for a cumulative period of four years during the past five years. A work permit is linked to an occupation and employer for two years and then, in the event of a subsequent extension, to an occupation for a further two years. There is some degree of flexibility in the system. If an individual who has a work permit would like to change employer during the first term, he/she can apply for a new work permit from Sweden. If the employment is terminated during the permit period the work permit is terminated. The person in question then has three months to find a new job before the residence permit is revoked. The principle of Community preference applies. In practice this obligation is fulfilled by the employer by advertising in EURES for 10 days, but there are no serious checks made to verify that an employer has made the job offer public within the EU/ EEA. Most analysts believe that the announcement is just a formality, and that an employer in principle can choose a third-country national before a worker available within the EU (Quirico, 2012). A labour migrant basically enjoys the same rights as Swedes when working and living in Sweden. Family members are entitled to accompany the employee from day one, and this includes cohabitee/husband/wife as well as children under the age of 21. Accompanying persons can also get a work permit regardless of whether they have an offer of work when leaving their country of origin. The Swedish Migration Board is the authority that grants work permits for employees and reviews the conditions offered, such as pay, insurance cover and other conditions of employment. The trade unions concerned are given the opportunity to express their views if pay, insurance coverage and other terms are at least the same level as the Swedish collective agreement or what is customary in the profession or sector in order to protect employees and prevent wage dumping. 1.4. Labour migration to Sweden from third countries The new rules for labour migration came into force at about the same time as the financial crisis. No special measures were taken during the economic downturn since the system is supposed to be demand driven and self-regulating. Labour migration of third-country nationals to Sweden has been between 13,600 and 14,800 from 2009 79 Regulated by the “shortage list” made by the Employment Service.
to 2011. Considering that the number is 13,500 up until August 2012, we can expect an increase in labour migration in 2012. The majority of the labour migrants, close to 80 per cent, are male. In terms of the labour market as a whole, labour immigration remains marginal, except in a few sectors, such as computer professionals. Table 9.3: Work permits granted by area of work and occupational group, 2009–2012, and current balance of workers in occupational groups 2009 2010 2011 2012* Shortage/ Surplus Total, of which 14,481 13,612 14,722 13,531 Refused asylum-seekers 425 465 303 97 Students 405 453 1053 823 Total, excluding Agricultural, fishery and related labourers** Area of work 7,281 9,104 11,901 7,825 Elementary occupations 7,859 5,712 4,784 6,723 Professionals 3,232 3,257 4,052 3,299 Service workers and shop sales workers 1,032 1,512 2,037 922 Craft and related trades workers 576 959 1,322 830 Technicians and associate professionals 1,023 1,142 1,117 1,002 Skilled agricultural and fishery workers 300 391 536 316 Legislators, senior officials and managers 206 264 375 149 Plant and machine operators and assemblers 128 172 253 134 Clerks 110 200 244 153 Armed forces 8 2 2 3 Occupational group (most common) Agricultural, fishery and related labourers 7,200 4,508 2,821 5,706 shortage Computing professionals 2,202 2,208 2,795 2,336 shortage Housekeeping and restaurant services workers 769 1,049 , 323 567 surplus Architects, engineers and related professionals 541 525 630 436 shortage Helpers and cleaners 295 487 798 394 surplus Helpers in restaurants 257 548 796 389 surplus Physical and engineering science technicians 481 332 338 330 shortage Building frame and related trades workers 191 226 362 264 shortage Food processing and related trades workers 130 330 386 188 surplus Market gardeners and crop growers 169 220 286 135 no forecast Source: Migration Board and for estimations of occupational shortage/surplus Employment Service (2012c). Notes: *From 1 January 2012 to 31 August 2012. ** Agricultural, fishery and related labourers are almost all seasonal workers picking berries. Their number changes a lot between different years. Excluding them can give a better picture of labour migration in general. country studIes – SWEDEN 163
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International Organization for Migr
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tAbLe of contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
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3.1. Assessment and validation of f
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Acronyms ACS American Community Sur
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NOC(S National Occupation Classific
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LIst of tAbLes Table 7.1: Legal pro
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ImprovIng Access to LAbour mArket I
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Improving Access to Labour market I
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GERMANY 6 Amelie f. constant and ul
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and Zimmermann (2012) explain the G
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Recent legal changes and amendments
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Some public initiatives that should
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to an unlimited time period. No fur
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about foreign educational systems,
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of the total net immigration. Afric
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country, the number of high-skilled
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International migration largely occ
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provide indirect evidence on this i
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the placement of such persons into
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caution since their positive effect
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youths require more time to turn su
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largely prevents easy and comprehen
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DIHK 2012 Integration sichert Zukun
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ITALY 7 francesco fasani 26 Abstrac
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1.1. Labour market trends Current t
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only in 1998 with the Turco-Napolit
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Table 7.1: Legal provisions for the
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The situation is different for medi
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training institutions, and so forth
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Table 7.4: Planned non-seasonal hir
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Allasino, Reyneri, Venturini, and Z
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share of positive answers of Italia
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Table 7.5: Job search strategies of
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Table 7.7: Job search strategies of
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Table 7.9: Main channels used to fi
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The United Kingdom government has e
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Davies, M. and J. Owers 2012 Immigr
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country studIes edited by maria vin
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