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Improving Access to Labour market Information for migrants and employers 196 Table 10.5: Numbers living and working in the United Kingdom by socio-economic class, 2011 Nationality Professional, employers, managers Intermediate Routine Other Total All (000s) 11,682 8,952 7,146 1,149 28,929 (%) 40.4 30.9 24.7 7.4 100.0 UK/GB (000s) 10,790 8,300 6,273 1,001 26,364 Foreign nationals (%) 40.9 31.5 23.8 3.8 100.0 (000s) 891 650 869 148 2,558 (%) 34.8 25.4 34.0 5.8 100.0 EU27/EFTA (000s) 418 374 530 43 1,364 (%) 30.6 27.4 38.9 3.2 100.0 Non-EU (000s) 473 276 339 105 1,194 (%) 51.8 24.4 20.5 3.6 100.0 Source: Labour Force Survey. Reproduction of Table 4.5 (Salt, 2011). Key features of the distribution of third-country nationals by sector in 2011 (Table 10.6) include their relatively greater concentration in distribution, hotels and restaurants and in banking and finance. However, the single largest share of third-country nationals (nearly 36%) is in the public and other services category (including health), where they are more concentrated than non United Kingdom/ EEA nationals and account for a similar share of total employment as United Kingdom nationals. Table 10.6: Numbers living and working in the United Kingdom by industry, 2011 Nationality A B C D E F G Total All (000s) 843 2,837 2,178 5,441 2,499 4,620 10,510 28,929 (%) 2.9 9.8 7.5 18.8 8.6 16.0 36.3 100.0 UK/GB (000s) 789 2,546 2 022 4,844 2,251 4,161 9,750 26,364 Foreign nationals (%) 3.0 9.7 7.7 18.4 8.5 15.8 37.0 100.0 (000s) 54 291 154 595 248 458 758 2,558 (%) 2.1 11.4 6.0 23.3 9.7 17.9 29.6 100.0 EU27/EFTA (000s) 40 205 117 311 135 225 331 1,364 (%) 2.9 15.0 8.6 22.8 9.9 16.5 24.3 100.0 Non-EU (000s) 14 86 37 284 113 233 427 1,194 (%) 1.2 7.2 3.1 23.8 9.5 19.5 35.8 100.0 Source: Labour Force Survey. Reproduction of Table 4.6 (Salt, 2011). Key to sectors: A: Agriculture forestry and fishing, energy and water; B: Manufacturing; C: Construction; D: Distribution, hotels and restaurants; E: Transport and communication; F: Banking and finance; G: Public administration, education and health; Other services; not applicable, and so on.
Table 10.7 reveals that amongst third-country nationals coming to the United Kingdom via Tier 2 of the PBS, those from India are easily the single largest group, accounting for nearly half of all entrants via this route. In particular, individuals from India account for around two thirds of all ICTs. The next largest national groups are from the United States, China, the Philippines and Australia. Table 10.7: Tier 2 Certificates of sponsorship - top 10 nationalities by routes of entry, 2010 RLMT SOL ICT Total n % n % n % n % India 4,289 23.8 2,814 33.5 23,980 66.6 31,083 49.8 United States 1,791 10.0 306 3.6 4,687 13.0 6,784 10.9 China 1,276 7.1 805 9.6 568 1.6 2,649 4.2 Philippines 1,008 5.6 1,154 13.8 169 0.5 2,331 3.7 Australia 860 4.8 198 2.4 798 2.2 1,856 3.0 Japan 276 1.5 28 0.3 28 0.1 1,730 2.5 Pakistan 1,013 5.6 461 5.5 157 0.4 1,631 2.6 South Africa 677 3.8 188 2.2 371 1.0 1,236 2.0 Canada 551 3.1 110 1.3 538 1.5 1,199 1.9 Nigeria 607 3.4 146 1.7 80 0.2 833 1.3 Total 17,987 100.0 8,389 100.0 36,023 100.0 62,399 100.0 Source: UK Visas, UKBA. Reproduction of Table 5.6 (Salt, 2011). 2. Patterns of access, use and perception of labour market information by employers and migrants in the context of recruitment from abroad 2.1. Demand side: employers’ perspectives Legal migration channels: employers’ awareness and procedures and costs involved With the introduction of the PBS outlined in Chapter 1 employers have a greater formal role and responsibility than formerly in selecting migrants and ensuring compliance with the legalities of migration. Specific details for employers on legal migration channels are published on the UKBA website. 103 The information on the website outlines the concept of sponsorship which lies at the heart of the PBS. In most circumstances, for PBS tiers 2 and 5 employers must be sponsors of migrant workers during their stay in the United Kingdom. Before sponsoring a migrant, an employer must obtain a sponsor licence, which in turn implies a range of sponsorship duties, including having good human resource systems in place to monitor and keep 103 http://www.ukba.homeoffice.gov.uk/business-sponsors/. country studIes – UNITED KINGDOM 197
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tAbLe of contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
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Acronyms ACS American Community Sur
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GERMANY 6 Amelie f. constant and ul
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Recent legal changes and amendments
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of the total net immigration. Afric
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country, the number of high-skilled
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Bertrand, M. and S. Mullainathan 20
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Assessment of the present awareness
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