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Improving Access to Labour market Information for migrants and employers 260 Wayland, S. 2007 Disseminating good ideas: skilled immigrants in the labour market. Maytree Foundation, presented at Learning Exchanges 2007 in Toronto, Ontario. Available online from http:// alliescanada.ca/news-events/events/conferences/. Zietsma, D. 2007 The Canadian immigrant labour market in 2006: first results from Canada’s Labour Force Survey. The Immigrant Labour Force Analysis Series, Statistics Canada. 2010 Immigrants working in regulated occupations. Perspectives on Labour and Income, Statistics Canada.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA neeraj kaushal 156 12 Abstract 12 This report provides an overview of the United States labour migration system with a focus on the opportunities and challenges in different sectors as the economy emerges from the Great Recession. A few important trends for the medium-term emerge. One, the recent trend in polarization of occupational opportunities is likely to continue. This will result in greater opportunities for very high-skilled and lowskilled workers and fewer opportunities for workers with a medium level of skills, for example blue-collar manufacturing and production jobs, or white-collar jobs for persons with some college education. Two, if foreign-born workers are to fill the labour market needs in areas where demand is expected to grow the fastest, labour migration would have to be bi-modal: very highly educated immigrants meeting job requirements at the higher end of the skill distribution and very low-skilled immigrants meeting the requirements at the lower end of the skill distribution. Three, the United States economy will have to compete with emerging Asian economies and Europe for attracting highly skilled workers. And four, demographic and economic trends in emerging economies of Asia and Mexico suggest that emigration push from major sending countries would weaken. The key policy recommendations that emerge from the overview of the US labour migration system are: one, the United States needs to create more visa categories, and increase the quota under existing categories, for the admittance of low-skilled temporary workers. This is essential to reduce the presence of undocumented workers in a sustainable fashion. Two, labour migration procedures for high-skilled workers should be simplified and the existing bias against the recruitment of migrant labour by small and medium-sized enterprises should be eliminated. Three, visa 156 Neeraj Kaushal is Associate Professor at the Columbia University, School of Social Work and Research Associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research and Visiting Scholar, Russell Sage Foundation 2012–2013. country studIes – UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 261
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tAbLe of contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
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3.1. Assessment and validation of f
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Acronyms ACS American Community Sur
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NOC(S National Occupation Classific
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LIst of tAbLes Table 7.1: Legal pro
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GERMANY 6 Amelie f. constant and ul
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and Zimmermann (2012) explain the G
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Recent legal changes and amendments
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Some public initiatives that should
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to an unlimited time period. No fur
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about foreign educational systems,
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of the total net immigration. Afric
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country, the number of high-skilled
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International migration largely occ
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provide indirect evidence on this i
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the placement of such persons into
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caution since their positive effect
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youths require more time to turn su
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largely prevents easy and comprehen
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DIHK 2012 Integration sichert Zukun
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ITALY 7 francesco fasani 26 Abstrac
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1.1. Labour market trends Current t
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only in 1998 with the Turco-Napolit
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Table 7.1: Legal provisions for the
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The situation is different for medi
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training institutions, and so forth
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Table 7.4: Planned non-seasonal hir
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Allasino, Reyneri, Venturini, and Z
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share of positive answers of Italia
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Table 7.5: Job search strategies of
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Table 7.7: Job search strategies of
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Table 7.9: Main channels used to fi
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As far as formal channels of job se
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level of education, undocumented mi
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How did you find your current or la
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other network members are already e
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of legally accessing the Italian la
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for instance, for positions where c
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Bertrand, M. and S. Mullainathan 20
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Moual, K. 2012 August 28 Immigrati,
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POLAND 8 maciej duszczyk 61 Abstrac
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may not be deemed sufficient for co
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Any evaluation of the scale of empl
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e deemed as easy to follow for both
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Assessment of the present awareness
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foreign national does not acquire t
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Activities of employers’ organiza
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(it is at its lowest in micro-busin
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2.2. Supply side: prospective migra
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option to recruit such foreigners.
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demonstrated that the process of se
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ooted opinion within Polish society
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do so mainly through informal chann
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Annex Annex 3.I: Interviews on acce
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SWEDEN9 henrik emilsson and karin m
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share of employment has halved sinc
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orn abroad between the ages of 16 a
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driven by demand. The biggest chang
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to 2011. Considering that the numbe
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At the same time there are several
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Employment organizations and indivi
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(TUCW, 2012). The work permit is co
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TS; 2012). Another recruitment chan
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The Swedish Institute’s portal is
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3.1. Assessment and validation of f
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2006). To strengthen their competit
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Theoretically, this change may have
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surplus of native workers. Labour m
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Interviews BMC: Kundu, P. CEO, BeeM
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UNITED KINGDOM Anne e. green and da
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the recession the average number of
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Medium-term employment outlook Look
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This demand-led scheme was suppleme
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Table 10.4: Details of the United K
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(LFS). 99 Administrative data (for
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Table 10.7 reveals that amongst thi
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date with the latest changes and po
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It was generally thought that illeg
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seeking personal recommendations fr
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Although given the nature and size
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The EU immigration portal131 serves
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