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Improving Access to Labour market Information for migrants and employers 86 Kaas, L. and C. Manger 2012 Ethnic Discrimination in Germany’s Labour Market: A Field Experiment. German Economic Review 13(1), 1-20. Krause, A. et al. 2012a Pilotprojekt “Anonymisierte Bewerbungsverfahren” – Abschlussbericht. IZA Research Report 44. Bonn: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA). Krause, A., U. Rinne and S. Schüller 2012b Kick It Like Özil? Decomposing the Native-Migrant Education Gap. IZA Discussion Paper 6696. Bonn: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA). Kuhlenkasper, T. and M.F. Steinhardt 2011 Unemployment Duration in Germany – A Comprehensive Study with Dynamic Hazard Models and P-Splines. HWWI Research Paper 111. Hamburg: Hamburg Institute of International Economics (HWWI). Liebig, T. 2007 The Labour Market Integration of Immigrants in Germany. OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers No. 47. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Mahmood, T. and K. Schömann 2002 Die Determinanten der Migrationsentscheidung von IT-Hochschulabsolventen aus Pakistan: Empirische Befunde zum Design einer deutschen “Green Card.“ WZB Discussion Paper FS IV 02-03. Berlin: Social Science Research Center Berlin (WZB). Massey, D.S. et al. 1993 Theories of International Migration: A Review and Appraisal. Population and Development Review 19(3), 431-466. Rinne, U. and K.F. Zimmermann 2009 Schlechte Noten für deutsche Abschottungspolitik. DIW Wochenbericht 76(26), 422–429. Berlin: German Institute for Economic Research (DIW). 2012 Another Economic Miracle? The German Labor Market and the Great Recession. IZA Journal of Labor Policy 1, Article 3, 1-21. Sachverständigenrat 2011 Herausforderungen des Demographischen Wandels. Wiesbaden: Sachverständigenrat zur Begutachtung der Gesamtwirtschaftlichen Entwicklung. Sinn, A., A. Kreienbrink and H.D. von Loeffelholz 2005 Illegal aufhältige Drittstaats-angehörige in Deutschland: Staatliche Ansätze, Profil und soziale Situation. Nuremberg: Bundesamt für Migration und Flüchtlinge. SVR Migration 2012 Integration im föderalen System: Bund, Länder und die Rolle der Kommunen. Berlin: Jahresgutachten des Sachverständigenrats deutscher Stiftungen für Integration und Migration (SVR). Stephan, G. 2010 Employer Wage Subsidies and Wages in Germany – Empirical Evidence from Individual Data. Journal for Labour Market Research 43(1), 53-71. Uhlendorff, A. and K.F. Zimmermann 2006 Unemployment Dynamics among Migrants and Natives. IZA Discussion Paper 2299. Bonn: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA). Zimmermann, K.F. et al. 2002 Arbeitskräftebedarf bei hoher Arbeitslosigkeit: Ein ökonomisches Zuwanderungs-konzept für Deutschland. Berlin et al.: Springer.
ITALY 7 francesco fasani 26 Abstract Better access to information for employers (private and public) who are willing to hire migrant workers – both from abroad and from inside the country – and for prospective and resident migrants looking for available job opportunities, would critically improve the speed and quality of the matching process. This would have important welfare-enhancing implications for employers, workers and for the economy as a whole (given that better matches lead to higher productivity). This report aims to provide a comprehensive picture of the matching process between employers and immigrants in Italy in recent years. A variety of actors participate in the process of matching between demand and supply of foreign workers in the Italian labour market. As we will see in the subsequent sections, informal channels (namely personal networks, direct referrals, and so forth) dominate both employers’ and workers’ search strategies in Italy. Meanwhile, public employment services play a role which is marginal at most. Private agents, instead, are more relevant in this context: both for-profit firms – such as temporary workers’ agencies – and non-profit bodies – such as NGOs, trade unions, the Catholic Church and its related institutions – do intervene in aiding the flows of information between employers and candidates and in facilitating the matching. Finally, ethnic networks seem to play a major role in the Italian context. There are some aspects which are peculiar and specific to the Italian case and possibly to other Mediterranean EU Member States (such as a segregation of migrant workers in low-skilled occupations, a vast presence of undocumented immigrants, 7 26 Francesco Fasani is Postdoctoral Researcher at the Institute for Economic Analysis (IAE-CSIC), Barcelona and Affiliated Professor at the Barcelona Graduate School of Economics (GSE). The author would like to thank Maurizio Ambrosini, Gian Carlo Blangiardo, Tito Boeri, Giovanni Facchini, Tommaso Frattini, Rachele Poggi and Emilio Reyneri for their help, suggestions and comments. country studIes – ITALY 87
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International Organization for Migr
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tAbLe of contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
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3.1. Assessment and validation of f
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Acronyms ACS American Community Sur
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NOC(S National Occupation Classific
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ImprovIng Access to LAbour mArket I
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Improving Access to Labour market I
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foreign national does not acquire t
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Activities of employers’ organiza
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(it is at its lowest in micro-busin
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2.2. Supply side: prospective migra
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option to recruit such foreigners.
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demonstrated that the process of se
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ooted opinion within Polish society
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do so mainly through informal chann
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Annex Annex 3.I: Interviews on acce
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SWEDEN9 henrik emilsson and karin m
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share of employment has halved sinc
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orn abroad between the ages of 16 a
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driven by demand. The biggest chang
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to 2011. Considering that the numbe
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At the same time there are several
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Employment organizations and indivi
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(TUCW, 2012). The work permit is co
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TS; 2012). Another recruitment chan
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The Swedish Institute’s portal is
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3.1. Assessment and validation of f
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2006). To strengthen their competit
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Theoretically, this change may have
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surplus of native workers. Labour m
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Interviews BMC: Kundu, P. CEO, BeeM
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UNITED KINGDOM Anne e. green and da
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the recession the average number of
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Medium-term employment outlook Look
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This demand-led scheme was suppleme
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Table 10.4: Details of the United K
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(LFS). 99 Administrative data (for
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Table 10.7 reveals that amongst thi
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date with the latest changes and po
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It was generally thought that illeg
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seeking personal recommendations fr
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Although given the nature and size
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The EU immigration portal131 serves
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is required for indefinite leave to
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3.3. The role of public employment
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The United Kingdom government has e
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Davies, M. and J. Owers 2012 Immigr
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country studIes edited by maria vin
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