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Improving Access to Labour market Information for migrants and employers 184 Table 9.8 Selected economic and labour market indicators, 2006–2013 Percentage change Forecast 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 GDP, calendar-adjusted 4.5 3.5 -0.8 -4.9 6.0 4.0 1.1 1.7 Hours worked, calendar-adjusted 1.9 3.4 0.7 -2.6 2.6 2.3 0.3 0.5 Productivity growth 2.6 0.1 -1.5 -2.3 3.4 1.7 0.8 1.2 CPIF, inflation, annual average 1.4 1.5 2.7 1.7 2.0 1.4 1.0 1.3 Hourly wage 3.1 3.3 4.3 3.4 2.6 2.7 3.3 3.1 Household real disposable income 3.6 5.5 2.3 2.2 1.2 3.0 2.3 2.4 Private consumption 2.7 3.7 0.0 -0.3 3.7 2.0 1.8 2.4 Source: Statistics Sweden, Employment Service; from Employment Service 2012b. Table 9.9 Key labour market figures, 2008–2013, 16-64 years (number of persons in thousands) Outcome Forecast 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Labour force 4,778 4,783 4,838 4,893 4,903 4,926 Employed 4,484 4,381 4,429 4,522 4,527 4,542 Unemployed 294 401 409 371 376 384 Percentage of labour force unemployed 6.1 8.4 8.4 7.6 7.7 7.8 Percentage of population in the labour force 80.7 80.2 80.8 81.5 81.5 81.7 Employment rate 75.7 73.5 74 75.3 75.2 75.3 In labour market programmes 87 127 185 178 190 200 Percentage of labour force in labour market programmes 1.8 2.7 3.8 3.6 3.9 4.1 Source: Statistics Sweden, Employment Service from Employment Service 2012b. Table 9.10 Unemployment rate, 16-64, years by country of birth and sex. 2005, 2008, 2010–2011, (%) Swedish born Foreign born Total Source: Statistics Sweden, Labour Force Survey. 2005 2008 2010 2011 men 6.9 5.0 7.3 6.0 women 6.6 5.3 6.6 5.8 total 6.8 5.1 7.0 5.9 men 15.0 11.5 15.8 16.0 women 13.6 12.7 16.6 15.9 total 14.3 12.1 16.2 15.9 men 7.9 5.9 8.6 7.7 women 7.6 6.4 8.3 7.5 total 7.8 6.1 8.4 7.6
UNITED KINGDOM Anne e. green and david owen 87 10 Abstract 10 Labour migration policy in the United Kingdom (UK) operates in the context of a liberal market economy with a more flexible labour market and a relatively small welfare state compared with most EEA comparators. The labour migration system is predominantly “demand-led”. In 2008 a Points Based System (PBS) was introduced to support economic growth and competitiveness, replacing most previous policies. Since 2008 adjustments have been made to entry criteria, including raising of requirements for English language competence and quantitative restrictions on numbers of entrants to the United Kingdom. The emphasis of the managed migration system is on attracting skilled workers to fill gaps in the United Kingdom labour market and third-country nationals in employment are disproportionately concentrated in more highly skilled roles. This contrasts with migrants from Central and Eastern Europe filling mainly less-skilled roles. The United Kingdom Border Agency (UKBA) is responsible for the implementation of UK labour migration policy. Large employers and employers’ associations have a formal and informal influencing and consultative role in the development of the details of migration policy. An independent Migration Advisory Committee (MAC) of economists and migration experts is involved in dialogue and analysis to identify where immigration might sensibly fill shortages of skilled labour in the United Kingdom. Employers have responsibility for the selection of migrants and for ensuring compliance with migration and employment law. This burden of responsibility is particularly severe for small employers. The UKBA plays a key role in information dissemination to employers and some guidance is available from employers’ associations and trade bodies for human resources personnel. Otherwise employers 87 Anne Green and David Owen are, respectively, Professorial Fellow and Principal Research Fellow at the Institute for Employment Research, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom. country studIes – UNITED KINGDOM 185
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GERMANY 6 Amelie f. constant and ul
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to an unlimited time period. No fur
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of the total net immigration. Afric
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International migration largely occ
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the placement of such persons into
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ITALY 7 francesco fasani 26 Abstrac
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Moual, K. 2012 August 28 Immigrati,
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POLAND 8 maciej duszczyk 61 Abstrac
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may not be deemed sufficient for co
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Any evaluation of the scale of empl
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