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Improving Access to Labour market Information for migrants and employers 256 in implementing immigration policy and developing the settlement and adaptation infrastructure. TRIEC has spawned a series of city-based employment councils that provide very useful bridging programmes and settlement services which can be tailored to meet local needs by local actors, for example. Continuing in that vein, local stakeholders are well positioned to provide advice on policy development, consult with government in new policies or current problems, and assist in delivering critical services to newcomers. In addition to local stakeholders such as TRIEC playing a critical role in the development of services, devolution to sub-national governments has also shown significant potential to improve outcomes for immigrants, even when admitting immigrants with less education on average than the federal stream, as in the case of Manitoba’s PNP. The non-profit sector has played a tremendously important role in the development of immigration policy and the delivery of vital services to immigrants. 4.5. Maintain flexibility in regards to immigration policy Canada’s immigration policy has considerable flexibility with respect to both the level of immigration to Canada, and the occupations targeted by Canada’s immigration policy. Occupational targets, which were initially not included when the Immigrant and Refugee Protection Act was passed in 2002, are enshrined in ministerial instructions, which are much easier to change than legislation. This has made it relatively easy to expand and change the occupations which are targeted by the FSWP. Another source of flexibility is the PNP, which can more rapidly adapt to the needs of each province. Policy flexibility has made it significantly easier for the immigration strategy to adapt to Canada’s changing needs. References Abbot, M. and C. M. Beach 2011 Do admission criteria and economic recessions affect immigrant earnings? IRPP Study No. 22, November 2011. Institute for Research in Public Policy. Alboim, N. 2009 Adjusting the balance: fixing Canada’s economic immigration policies. Maytree Foundation. Alboim, N. and E. McIsaac 2007 Making the connections: Ottawa’s role in immigrant employment. IRPP Choice: 13(10), Institute for Research in Public Policy. Association of Canadian Community Colleges (ACCC) 2010 Final Evaluation Report of the CIIP Pilot. Canadian Immigrant Integration Program, Ottawa. Available from www.newcomersuccess.ca/index.php/reports-publications?lang=en-GB. 2011 Final Report of the CIIP Pilot. Canadian Immigrant Integration Program, Ottawa. Available from www.newcomersuccess.ca/index.php/reports-publications?lang=en-GB. 2012 CIIP Report on Statistics: October 2010 – June 2012. Canadian Immigrant Integration Program, Ottawa. Available from www.newcomersuccess.ca/index.php/ reports-publications?lang=en-GB.
Aydemir, A. and A. Sweetman 2007 First and second Generation immigrant educational attainment and labour market outcomes: a comparison of the United States and Canada. Research in Labor Economics, 27: 215-270. Barnett, R. 2007 Trend labour supply in Canada: implications of demographic shifts and the increasing labour force attachment of women. Bank of Canada Review, Summer 2007. Bonikowska, A. and F. Hou 2011 Reversal of fortunes or continued success? Cohort differences in education and earnings of childhood immigrants. Analytical Studies Research Paper Series, Statistics Canada. Bourgeois, A. and A. Debus 2006 Help wanted: Long-term vacancies a major small business challenge. Canadian Federation of Independent Business. Career Edge Organization 2012a Seeking Mid-Level Work: Career Bridge. 7 Sep. Available from www.careeredge.ca. 2012b About Us. 7 Sep. Available from www.careeredge.ca. Carter, T., M. Pandey and J. Townsend 2010 The Manitoba Provincial Nominee Program: Attraction, Integration, and Retention of Immigrants. IRPP Study No. 10, Institute for Research in Public Policy. CIC. See “Citizenship and Immigrant Canada” Centre for the Study of Living Standards 2012 Aboriginal labour market performance in Canada: 2007–2011. CSLS Research Report 2012- 04, available online from www.csls.ca. Citizenship and Immigration Canada 2008 Enhanced Language Training Initiative: Formative Evaluation. Citizenship and Immigration Canada, Ottawa. Available from www.cic.gc.ca/english/resources/publications/index.asp. 2010a Employer’s Roadmap to Hiring and Retaining Internationally Trained Workers. Citizenship and Immigration Canada, Ottawa. Available from www.cic.gc.ca/english/resources/ publications/index.asp. 2010b Evaluation of the FSWP. Citizenship and Immigration Canada, Ottawa. Available from www.cic.gc.ca/English/resources/publications/index.asp. 2010c Evaluation of the HOST Program. Citizenship and Immigration Canada, Ottawa. Available from www.cic.gc.ca/english/resources/publications/index.asp. 2011a Evaluation of the ISAP. Citizenship and Immigration Canada, Ottawa. Available from www.cic.gc.ca/english/resources/publications/index.asp. 2012a Report on Plans and Priorities, 2012–2013. Citizenship and Immigration Canada, Ottawa. Available from www.cic.gc.ca/english/resources/publications/index.asp. 2012b Immigration to Canada: An overview. Citizenship and Immigration Canada, Ottawa. Presentation at the Seminar on Demographic, Economic, and Investment Perspectives for Canada, Years 2012 to 2050 on 28 September, 2012. Debus, A., P. Petkov and C. Gulluce 2008 Help wanted: labour shortages trouble deepen for SMEs in 2007. Canadian Federation of Independent Business. Derrick, T. 2010 Foreign nationals temporarily working in Canada. Canadian Social Trends, Statistics Canada. Dungan, P. and S. Murphy 2012 Long term outlook for the Canadian economy: national projection through 2020, Institute for Economic Analysis Working Paper. Ferrer, A., G. Picot and W. C. Riddell 2011 Canada’s immigration policy and labour shortage. Report prepared for the International Organization for Migration. country studIes – CANADA 257
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tAbLe of contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
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3.1. Assessment and validation of f
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Acronyms ACS American Community Sur
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NOC(S National Occupation Classific
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LIst of tAbLes Table 7.1: Legal pro
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ImprovIng Access to LAbour mArket I
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GERMANY 6 Amelie f. constant and ul
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and Zimmermann (2012) explain the G
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Recent legal changes and amendments
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Some public initiatives that should
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to an unlimited time period. No fur
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about foreign educational systems,
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of the total net immigration. Afric
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country, the number of high-skilled
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International migration largely occ
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provide indirect evidence on this i
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the placement of such persons into
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caution since their positive effect
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youths require more time to turn su
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largely prevents easy and comprehen
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DIHK 2012 Integration sichert Zukun
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ITALY 7 francesco fasani 26 Abstrac
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1.1. Labour market trends Current t
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only in 1998 with the Turco-Napolit
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Table 7.1: Legal provisions for the
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The situation is different for medi
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training institutions, and so forth
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Table 7.4: Planned non-seasonal hir
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Allasino, Reyneri, Venturini, and Z
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share of positive answers of Italia
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Table 7.5: Job search strategies of
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Table 7.7: Job search strategies of
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Table 7.9: Main channels used to fi
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As far as formal channels of job se
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level of education, undocumented mi
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How did you find your current or la
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other network members are already e
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of legally accessing the Italian la
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for instance, for positions where c
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Bertrand, M. and S. Mullainathan 20
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Moual, K. 2012 August 28 Immigrati,
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POLAND 8 maciej duszczyk 61 Abstrac
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may not be deemed sufficient for co
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Any evaluation of the scale of empl
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e deemed as easy to follow for both
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Assessment of the present awareness
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foreign national does not acquire t
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Activities of employers’ organiza
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(it is at its lowest in micro-busin
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2.2. Supply side: prospective migra
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option to recruit such foreigners.
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demonstrated that the process of se
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ooted opinion within Polish society
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do so mainly through informal chann
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Annex Annex 3.I: Interviews on acce
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SWEDEN9 henrik emilsson and karin m
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share of employment has halved sinc
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orn abroad between the ages of 16 a
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driven by demand. The biggest chang
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to 2011. Considering that the numbe
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At the same time there are several
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Employment organizations and indivi
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(TUCW, 2012). The work permit is co
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TS; 2012). Another recruitment chan
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The Swedish Institute’s portal is
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3.1. Assessment and validation of f
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2006). To strengthen their competit
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Theoretically, this change may have
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surplus of native workers. Labour m
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Interviews BMC: Kundu, P. CEO, BeeM
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UNITED KINGDOM Anne e. green and da
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the recession the average number of
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Medium-term employment outlook Look
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This demand-led scheme was suppleme
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Table 10.4: Details of the United K
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(LFS). 99 Administrative data (for
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Table 10.7 reveals that amongst thi
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date with the latest changes and po
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It was generally thought that illeg
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seeking personal recommendations fr
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