DRAFT Australian Dietary Guidelines - Eat For Health

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as well as some chronic conditions. Older people are advised to consult their health professionals about the most appropriate level of drinking for their health’ [609]. 3.4.4.4 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander peoples are more likely than other Australians to abstain from drinking alcohol (23% compared to about 15%). However, those who do consume alcohol are more likely to do so at risky or high-risk levels for short-term harm [670]. In response to severe problems related to excess alcohol consumption in many Indigenous communities, initiatives have been introduced to encourage non-harmful alcohol use, limit access to alcohol, and establish ‘dry’ areas and communities. As with the general population, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people should follow the alcohol guidelines described above [609]. 3.4.4.5 Culturally and linguistically diverse groups People from culturally diverse groups are more likely than the general adult population in Australia to abstain from alcohol (43% compared to 15%) [670]. The possible protective health effect of moderate drinking has not been demonstrated in Asian groups. Alcohol drinking customs vary in different cultures and typically immigrant groups bring their drinking patterns from their country of origin. 3.4.4.6 People with diabetes As alcohol and hypoglycaemia have independent but additive effects on cognitive function and behaviour, it is recommended that people with diabetes abstain from alcohol if they plan to drive [679]. Alcohol worsens medical conditions associated with diabetes, such as liver disease, hypertension and advanced neuropathy [666, 680]. People with diabetes may need to take special precautions when drinking and should discuss alcohol use with a health professional. 3.4.4.7 Interaction of alcohol and energy drinks A new category of alcoholic drinks is now being marketed in Australia with added caffeine and sometimes other stimulants. The effects of alcohol and other components in these energy drinks appear to be synergistic, resulting in increased intoxication. In comparison to alcohol alone, the combination of alcohol and energy drink significantly reduces the intensity of subjective perceptions of headache, dry mouth, weakness and impairment of motor coordination [681]. The concern is that consuming caffeine, a central nervous system stimulant, and alcohol, a depressant, at the same time will reduce subjective perceptions of alcohol-induced impairment in comparison to alcohol alone [682, 683]. Reduced ability in recognising alcohol impairment may enhance risktaking behaviour and possibly lead to greater alcohol intake [684]. DRAFT Australian Dietary Guidelines- December 2011 100
In the absence of any research to quantify safe levels of concurrent consumption of energy drinks and alcohol, this combination should be avoided. Where to next The next chapter provides information on the importance of quantity, as well as quality and overall energy balance, when choosing foods to promote healthy weight, to promote health and wellbeing and to prevent chronic disease. DRAFT Australian Dietary Guidelines- December 2011 101
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Australian Dietary Guidelines Incor
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Australian Dietary Guidelines Austr
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2.4.4 Practical considerations: Lea
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1. Introduction 1.1 Why the Guideli
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income, education, cultural influen
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The Evidence Report (A review of th
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1.4 How the Guidelines were develop
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Levels of evidence in public health
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the study results were generalisabl
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Table 1.1: Changes in macronutrient
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population. NHMRC intends to work w
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Figure 1.2: Australian Guide to Hea
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Executive Summary Dietary patterns
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Consuming a wide variety of foods m
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varieties within each food group, f
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2.1.4.6 People in lower socioeconom
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vegetable intake and cancer has foc
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Endometrial, Ovarian and pancreatic
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2.2.3.2 Cancer Colorectal cancer: E
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2.2.4.2 Cancer Alimentary tract can
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2.2.5.2 Cancer mechanisms There is
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Table 2.1: Recommended number of se
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increasing appetites. Unless prescr
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2.3.2.1 Cardiovascular disease, typ
Page 49 and 50: Table 2.3: Recommended number of se
Page 51 and 52: 2.4 Lean meat and poultry, fish, eg
Page 53 and 54: interpret because of widely varying
Page 55 and 56: 2.4.2.3.1 Fish: Cardiovascular dise
Page 57 and 58: Smoked, salted and chemically prese
Page 59 and 60: Depending on age and sex, health be
Page 61 and 62: 2.4.4.6 Vegetarians For several nut
Page 63 and 64: Evidence Statement Grade Consumptio
Page 65 and 66: 2.5.3 How drinking milk and eating
Page 67 and 68: 2.5.4.1 Pregnant and breastfeeding
Page 69 and 70: the recent review [14]. Many common
Page 71 and 72: 2.6.2.3 Other conditions Dental car
Page 73 and 74: Where to next Both the quality and
Page 75 and 76: Executive summary This Guideline em
Page 77 and 78: 3.1.2 The evidence for ‘limiting
Page 79 and 80: In the longer term, the review cond
Page 81 and 82: The P:M:S ratio is a useful tool in
Page 83 and 84: 3.2.2 The evidence for ‘limiting
Page 85 and 86: 3.2.3 How limiting intake of foods
Page 87 and 88: 3.2.4.4 Older people Taste percepti
Page 89 and 90: No large studies have measured the
Page 91 and 92: Excess weight: Many foods containin
Page 93 and 94: etter health outcomes than those wh
Page 95 and 96: Evidence Statement Grade Consumptio
Page 97 and 98: Dementia: The evidence suggests an
Page 99: Drinking coffee, having a cold show
Page 103 and 104: Executive summary Healthy weight is
Page 105 and 106: prevalence of obesity alone is high
Page 107 and 108: Compared to having a BMI between 18
Page 109 and 110: 4.1.3.2 Energy intake and trend dat
Page 111 and 112: 4.1.3.4 Energy intake from specific
Page 113 and 114: 4.1.4.2 Benefits of physical activi
Page 115 and 116: 4.2.1 Primary prevention Diet and p
Page 117 and 118: and consistent evidence that dietar
Page 119 and 120: 4.2.2 Secondary prevention Behaviou
Page 121 and 122: Table 4.4 A stepped model for the m
Page 123 and 124: Taller or larger and more active ad
Page 125 and 126: Table 4.5 2010 Institute of Medicin
Page 127 and 128: For older, taller or more active ch
Page 129 and 130: Most older people will benefit from
Page 131 and 132: 5. Encourage and support breastfeed
Page 133 and 134: 5.1 Setting the scene The World Hea
Page 135 and 136: Evidence Statement Grade Exclusive
Page 137 and 138: Table 5.1 Factors associated with d
Page 139 and 140: 5.2.4 Other benefits Sudden Infant
Page 141 and 142: 5.3.1.3 Mothers in the workplace Ev
Page 143 and 144: 5.3.1.3 Community support The succe
Page 145 and 146: Executive summary More than five mi
Page 147 and 148: [929]. Fresh fruit and vegetables c
Page 149 and 150: contamination (see above) avoided.
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1989 - 1995 Composition of Foods, A
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2001 Eat Well Australia: An Agenda
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2011 A Review of the Evidence to Ad
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Professor Dorothy Mackerras Dr Dav
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Level III-2 - A comparative study w
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food options to meet additional ene
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Appendix 3. Assessing growth and he
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Table A3.1 International BMI cut-of
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A3.1.6 Z-scores and percentiles: Co
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Appendix 4. Physical activity guide
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Suggested activities include: mode
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Appendix 5. Studies examining the h
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that further specific studies are r
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Table A6.2 Energy and alcohol conte
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The economic, social and cultural f
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A diet consistent with the Guidelin
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In other more recent studies, highe
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A7.4 Aboriginal and Torres Strait I
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A7.4.3.2. Aboriginal people living
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Mortality rates for people born ove
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Appendix 8: Glossary Adequate Intak
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Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are pol
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Exclusive breastfeeding Means an in
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Legume/Beans Refers to all forms of
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Older adults For the purposes of th
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Reduced fat products For a food to
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celery and asparagus), gourd vegeta
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Evidence Statement Grade Fruit Cons
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Table A9.2: Evidence statements (Gr
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References 1. Rayner, M. and P. Sca
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27. Wilkinson, R. and M. Marmot, So
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54. Hawkins, S.S., T.J. Cole, and C
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81. Hesketh, K., M. Wake, and E. Wa
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107. McCullough, M.L., et al., Diet
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135. Brimblecombe, J.K. and K. O’
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162. Kreimer, A.R., et al., Diet an
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216. Paolini, M., et al., Beta-caro
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DRAFT Australian Dietary Guidelines - Eat For Health

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