DRAFT Australian Dietary Guidelines - Eat For Health

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Older people should accumulate at least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity on most - preferably all - days. Older people who have stopped physical activity, or who are starting a new physical activity, should start at a level that is easily manageable and gradually build up the recommended amount, type and frequency of activity. Older people who have enjoyed a lifetime of vigorous physical activity should carry on doing so in a manner suited to their capability into later life, provided recommended safety procedures and guidelines are adhered to. DRAFT Australian Dietary Guidelines- December 2011 172
Appendix 5. Studies examining the health effects of intake of fruit and vegetables together The literature includes studies which have investigated the effect of consumption of fruit and vegetables together. This evidence clearly confirms the positive health effects of consuming vegetables and fruits, particularly in reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease, but also in reducing risk of obesity and some cancers. It is compiled as an Appendix to aid the conciseness of Chapter 2. A5.1 Cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and excess weight There is evidence regarding a probable association between the consumption of each additional daily serve of fruit and vegetables and reduced risk of coronary heart disease (Grade B, Section 3.1 in the Evidence Report [14]) [145-147, 150, 969]. Similarly, recent evidence supports a probable association between consumption of each additional daily serve of fruit and vegetables and a reduced risk of stroke (Grade B, Section 3.2 in the Evidence Report [14]) [145, 146]. Consuming more than five serves of fruit and vegetables a day was found to reduce the risk of stroke by 26% (fruit serve was 80g and vegetables 77g) [146], and consuming each additional serve of fruit and vegetables (of average serve size 106g) reduced the risk of stroke by 5% [145]. These results are consistent with those presented in the literature reviews to inform the recent review of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010 which found that ‘consistent evidence suggests at least a moderate inverse relationship between vegetable and fruit consumption with myocardial infarction and stroke, with significantly larger, positive effects noted above five servings of vegetables and fruits per day’ [143]. In the literature reviews to inform the revision of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010, the evidence for an association between increased fruit and vegetable intake and reduced risk of excess body weight was found to be modest, with a trend towards decreased weight gain over five or more years in middle adulthood associated with increased fruit and vegetable intake. However no conclusions could be drawn from the evidence of efficacy of increased fruit and vegetable consumption in weight loss diets [143]. However, in children and adolescents, the limited body of evidence from longitudinal studies suggested that greater intakes of fruits and/or vegetables may protect against increased adiposity [143]. DRAFT Australian Dietary Guidelines- December 2011 173
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Australian Dietary Guidelines Incor
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Australian Dietary Guidelines Austr
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2.4.4 Practical considerations: Lea
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1. Introduction 1.1 Why the Guideli
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income, education, cultural influen
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The Evidence Report (A review of th
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1.4 How the Guidelines were develop
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Levels of evidence in public health
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the study results were generalisabl
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Table 1.1: Changes in macronutrient
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population. NHMRC intends to work w
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Figure 1.2: Australian Guide to Hea
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Executive Summary Dietary patterns
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Consuming a wide variety of foods m
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varieties within each food group, f
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2.1.4.6 People in lower socioeconom
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vegetable intake and cancer has foc
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Endometrial, Ovarian and pancreatic
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2.2.3.2 Cancer Colorectal cancer: E
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2.2.4.2 Cancer Alimentary tract can
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2.2.5.2 Cancer mechanisms There is
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Table 2.1: Recommended number of se
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increasing appetites. Unless prescr
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2.3.2.1 Cardiovascular disease, typ
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Table 2.3: Recommended number of se
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2.4 Lean meat and poultry, fish, eg
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interpret because of widely varying
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2.4.2.3.1 Fish: Cardiovascular dise
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Smoked, salted and chemically prese
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Depending on age and sex, health be
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2.4.4.6 Vegetarians For several nut
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Evidence Statement Grade Consumptio
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2.5.3 How drinking milk and eating
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2.5.4.1 Pregnant and breastfeeding
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the recent review [14]. Many common
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2.6.2.3 Other conditions Dental car
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Where to next Both the quality and
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Executive summary This Guideline em
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3.1.2 The evidence for ‘limiting
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In the longer term, the review cond
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The P:M:S ratio is a useful tool in
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3.2.2 The evidence for ‘limiting
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3.2.3 How limiting intake of foods
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3.2.4.4 Older people Taste percepti
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No large studies have measured the
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Excess weight: Many foods containin
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etter health outcomes than those wh
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Evidence Statement Grade Consumptio
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Dementia: The evidence suggests an
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Drinking coffee, having a cold show
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In the absence of any research to q
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Executive summary Healthy weight is
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prevalence of obesity alone is high
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Compared to having a BMI between 18
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4.1.3.2 Energy intake and trend dat
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4.1.3.4 Energy intake from specific
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4.1.4.2 Benefits of physical activi
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4.2.1 Primary prevention Diet and p
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and consistent evidence that dietar
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4.2.2 Secondary prevention Behaviou
Page 121 and 122: Table 4.4 A stepped model for the m
Page 123 and 124: Taller or larger and more active ad
Page 125 and 126: Table 4.5 2010 Institute of Medicin
Page 127 and 128: For older, taller or more active ch
Page 129 and 130: Most older people will benefit from
Page 131 and 132: 5. Encourage and support breastfeed
Page 133 and 134: 5.1 Setting the scene The World Hea
Page 135 and 136: Evidence Statement Grade Exclusive
Page 137 and 138: Table 5.1 Factors associated with d
Page 139 and 140: 5.2.4 Other benefits Sudden Infant
Page 141 and 142: 5.3.1.3 Mothers in the workplace Ev
Page 143 and 144: 5.3.1.3 Community support The succe
Page 145 and 146: Executive summary More than five mi
Page 147 and 148: [929]. Fresh fruit and vegetables c
Page 149 and 150: contamination (see above) avoided.
Page 151 and 152: 1989 - 1995 Composition of Foods, A
Page 153 and 154: 2001 Eat Well Australia: An Agenda
Page 155 and 156: 2011 A Review of the Evidence to Ad
Page 157 and 158: Professor Dorothy Mackerras Dr Dav
Page 159 and 160: Level III-2 - A comparative study w
Page 161 and 162: food options to meet additional ene
Page 163 and 164: Appendix 3. Assessing growth and he
Page 165 and 166: Table A3.1 International BMI cut-of
Page 167 and 168: A3.1.6 Z-scores and percentiles: Co
Page 169 and 170: Appendix 4. Physical activity guide
Page 171: Suggested activities include: mode
Page 175 and 176: that further specific studies are r
Page 177 and 178: Table A6.2 Energy and alcohol conte
Page 179 and 180: The economic, social and cultural f
Page 181 and 182: A diet consistent with the Guidelin
Page 183 and 184: In other more recent studies, highe
Page 185 and 186: A7.4 Aboriginal and Torres Strait I
Page 187 and 188: A7.4.3.2. Aboriginal people living
Page 189 and 190: Mortality rates for people born ove
Page 191 and 192: Appendix 8: Glossary Adequate Intak
Page 193 and 194: Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are pol
Page 195 and 196: Exclusive breastfeeding Means an in
Page 197 and 198: Legume/Beans Refers to all forms of
Page 199 and 200: Older adults For the purposes of th
Page 201 and 202: Reduced fat products For a food to
Page 203 and 204: celery and asparagus), gourd vegeta
Page 205 and 206: Evidence Statement Grade Fruit Cons
Page 207 and 208: Table A9.2: Evidence statements (Gr
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Page 211 and 212: 27. Wilkinson, R. and M. Marmot, So
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189. Ward, H.A., et al., Breast, co
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