DRAFT Australian Dietary Guidelines - Eat For Health

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2.6.4 Practical considerations: Drink water The National Health and Medical Research Council has developed comprehensive guidelines on tap water standards for drinking. Australian tap water is an ideal option because it is inexpensive and meets high palatability and hygiene standards. Most tapwater in Australia is fluoridated, which has been shown to be a safe and effective public health measure. Fluoridation of tapwater provides an additional benefit for development of strong teeth and bones, making it a very good choice to ensure adequate hydration. Tank water and bottled waters are a useful alternative when access to tapwater is limited. Not all bottled waters contain fluoride. However, access to and availability of clean and safe water may not be available among some population groups, particularly in remote regions of Australia. 2.6.4.1 Pregnant and breastfeeding women As stated in the previous dietary guidelines, pregnant and breastfeeding women have a slightly increased water requirement because of expanding extracellular fluid space and the needs of the foetus and the amniotic fluid. The fluid need is therefore 750–1000mL a day above basic needs [37]. Many authoritative bodies advise pregnant and breastfeeding women to limit their caffeine intake – for example the New Zealand Ministry of Health advises that intake be restricted to a maximum of 300mg of caffeine per day (about three cups of coffee or six cups of tea) [220]. 2.6.4.2 Infants Water turnover is higher in infants and young children than in adults. Adequate levels of hydration are important, especially during times of potential heat stress (for example, due to hot weather or fever). Breastmilk supplies adequate water up to around 6 months of age, but cooled boiled water may need to be provided for formula fed infant [133]. 2.6.4.3 Older people Older people can experience dehydration due to inadequate intake of water or other drinks. The normal decline in kidney function with age, plus hormonal changes, decreased thirst perception, medication, cognitive changes, limited mobility and increased use of diuretics and laxatives may create concern for older people [35]. These changes may be normal adaptations of the ageing process but the outcomes of dehydration in the elderly are serious and include cognitive impairment, functional decline, falls or stroke. DRAFT Australian Dietary Guidelines- December 2011 72
Where to next Both the quality and quantity of foods and drinks consumed can significantly impact on health and wellbeing. Overconsumption of some foods and drinks containing some fats, added sugar and salt, and alcohol and relatively poor in nutrients, is associated with increased risk of some health conditions, and are discussed in the following chapter. DRAFT Australian Dietary Guidelines- December 2011 73
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Australian Dietary Guidelines Incor
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Australian Dietary Guidelines Austr
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2.4.4 Practical considerations: Lea
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1. Introduction 1.1 Why the Guideli
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income, education, cultural influen
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The Evidence Report (A review of th
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1.4 How the Guidelines were develop
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Levels of evidence in public health
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the study results were generalisabl
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Table 1.1: Changes in macronutrient
Page 21 and 22: population. NHMRC intends to work w
Page 23 and 24: Figure 1.2: Australian Guide to Hea
Page 25 and 26: Executive Summary Dietary patterns
Page 27 and 28: Consuming a wide variety of foods m
Page 29 and 30: varieties within each food group, f
Page 31 and 32: 2.1.4.6 People in lower socioeconom
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Page 35 and 36: Endometrial, Ovarian and pancreatic
Page 37 and 38: 2.2.3.2 Cancer Colorectal cancer: E
Page 39 and 40: 2.2.4.2 Cancer Alimentary tract can
Page 41 and 42: 2.2.5.2 Cancer mechanisms There is
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Page 45 and 46: increasing appetites. Unless prescr
Page 47 and 48: 2.3.2.1 Cardiovascular disease, typ
Page 49 and 50: Table 2.3: Recommended number of se
Page 51 and 52: 2.4 Lean meat and poultry, fish, eg
Page 53 and 54: interpret because of widely varying
Page 55 and 56: 2.4.2.3.1 Fish: Cardiovascular dise
Page 57 and 58: Smoked, salted and chemically prese
Page 59 and 60: Depending on age and sex, health be
Page 61 and 62: 2.4.4.6 Vegetarians For several nut
Page 63 and 64: Evidence Statement Grade Consumptio
Page 65 and 66: 2.5.3 How drinking milk and eating
Page 67 and 68: 2.5.4.1 Pregnant and breastfeeding
Page 69 and 70: the recent review [14]. Many common
Page 71: 2.6.2.3 Other conditions Dental car
Page 75 and 76: Executive summary This Guideline em
Page 77 and 78: 3.1.2 The evidence for ‘limiting
Page 79 and 80: In the longer term, the review cond
Page 81 and 82: The P:M:S ratio is a useful tool in
Page 83 and 84: 3.2.2 The evidence for ‘limiting
Page 85 and 86: 3.2.3 How limiting intake of foods
Page 87 and 88: 3.2.4.4 Older people Taste percepti
Page 89 and 90: No large studies have measured the
Page 91 and 92: Excess weight: Many foods containin
Page 93 and 94: etter health outcomes than those wh
Page 95 and 96: Evidence Statement Grade Consumptio
Page 97 and 98: Dementia: The evidence suggests an
Page 99 and 100: Drinking coffee, having a cold show
Page 101 and 102: In the absence of any research to q
Page 103 and 104: Executive summary Healthy weight is
Page 105 and 106: prevalence of obesity alone is high
Page 107 and 108: Compared to having a BMI between 18
Page 109 and 110: 4.1.3.2 Energy intake and trend dat
Page 111 and 112: 4.1.3.4 Energy intake from specific
Page 113 and 114: 4.1.4.2 Benefits of physical activi
Page 115 and 116: 4.2.1 Primary prevention Diet and p
Page 117 and 118: and consistent evidence that dietar
Page 119 and 120: 4.2.2 Secondary prevention Behaviou
Page 121 and 122: Table 4.4 A stepped model for the m
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Taller or larger and more active ad
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Table 4.5 2010 Institute of Medicin
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For older, taller or more active ch
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Most older people will benefit from
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5. Encourage and support breastfeed
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5.1 Setting the scene The World Hea
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Evidence Statement Grade Exclusive
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Table 5.1 Factors associated with d
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5.2.4 Other benefits Sudden Infant
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5.3.1.3 Mothers in the workplace Ev
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5.3.1.3 Community support The succe
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Executive summary More than five mi
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[929]. Fresh fruit and vegetables c
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contamination (see above) avoided.
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1989 - 1995 Composition of Foods, A
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2001 Eat Well Australia: An Agenda
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2011 A Review of the Evidence to Ad
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Professor Dorothy Mackerras Dr Dav
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Level III-2 - A comparative study w
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food options to meet additional ene
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Appendix 3. Assessing growth and he
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Table A3.1 International BMI cut-of
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A3.1.6 Z-scores and percentiles: Co
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Appendix 4. Physical activity guide
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Suggested activities include: mode
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Appendix 5. Studies examining the h
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that further specific studies are r
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Table A6.2 Energy and alcohol conte
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The economic, social and cultural f
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A diet consistent with the Guidelin
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In other more recent studies, highe
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A7.4 Aboriginal and Torres Strait I
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A7.4.3.2. Aboriginal people living
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Mortality rates for people born ove
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Appendix 8: Glossary Adequate Intak
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Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are pol
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Exclusive breastfeeding Means an in
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Legume/Beans Refers to all forms of
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Older adults For the purposes of th
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Reduced fat products For a food to
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celery and asparagus), gourd vegeta
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Evidence Statement Grade Fruit Cons
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Table A9.2: Evidence statements (Gr
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References 1. Rayner, M. and P. Sca
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27. Wilkinson, R. and M. Marmot, So
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54. Hawkins, S.S., T.J. Cole, and C
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81. Hesketh, K., M. Wake, and E. Wa
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162. Kreimer, A.R., et al., Diet an
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