DRAFT Australian Dietary Guidelines - Eat For Health

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Evidence Statement Grade Water Consumption of black tea is not associated with risk of cardiovascular disease. Consumption of coffee is not associated with risk of coronary heart disease. Consumption of coffee is not associated with risk of breast cancer. Consumption of coffee is not associated with risk of colorectal cancer. Consumption of coffee is not associated with risk of ovarian cancer. Consumption of green or black tea is not associated with risk of ovarian cancer. Consumption of green or black tea is not associated with risk of colorectal cancer. A9.2 Grade D Evidence Statements that did not inform the Australian Dietary Guidelines In the systematic literature review (the Evidence Report), a number of food, diet, and health relationships were examined for which the evidence of an association was D-grade level. This was because the evidence was limited, inconclusive or contradictory. These D-grade relationships were not used to inform the development of the Australian Dietary Guidelines. Table A9.2 provides a list of the evidence statements for these relationships. Grade D evidence can inform health professionals about the strength of evidence from recent research, particularly in emerging areas, and help identify areas where further research on dietary patterns and health outcomes may be required. D-grade evidence can also assist health professionals correct diet related misconceptions among the general population. For example, members of the general population may be inclined to alter their dietary patterns when the results of a new study are widely publicised in the media. This evidence, while useful as mentioned above, was not used in the development of Guideline statements. DRAFT Australian Dietary Guidelines- December 2011 206 C C C C C C C
Table A9.2: Evidence statements (Grade D) that did not inform the Australian Dietary Guidelines Evidence Statement Grade Vegetables The effect of total vegetable consumption on gastric (stomach) cancer is inconclusive (Section 2.5 in Evidence Report) The effect of total vegetable consumption on the risk of breast cancer is inconclusive (Section 2.6 in Evidence Report) The effect of total vegetable consumption on the risk of colorectal cancer is inconclusive (Section 2.8 in Evidence Report) The effect of total vegetable consumption on the risk of lung cancer is inconclusive (Grade D, Section 2.7 in Evidence Report Fruit The effect of fruit consumption on the risk of oesophageal cancer is inconclusive (Section 1.9 in Evidence Report) The effect of fruit consumption on the risk of gastric cancer is inconclusive (Section 1.5 in Evidence Report) There is limited evidence that fruit consumption reduces the risk of lung cancer (Section 1.7 in Evidence Report) The effect of citrus fruit consumption on the risk of pancreatic cancer is inconclusive (Section 1.13 in Evidence Report) Grain (cereal) foods The effect of grain (cereal) consumption on the risk of cancer is inconclusive (Section 6.1 in Evidence Report) Lean meat and poultry, fish, eggs, legumes/beans and nuts/seeds The consumption of unprocessed red meat is associated with an increased risk of lung cancer (Section 4.5 in Evidence Report) There is limited evidence showing no association between the consumption of red meat and the risk of breast cancer (Section 4.4 in Evidence Report) The effect of consuming poultry at least once a week on the risk of breast DRAFT Australian Dietary Guidelines- December 2011 207 D D D D D D D D D D D D
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Australian Dietary Guidelines Incor
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Australian Dietary Guidelines Austr
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2.4.4 Practical considerations: Lea
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1. Introduction 1.1 Why the Guideli
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income, education, cultural influen
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The Evidence Report (A review of th
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1.4 How the Guidelines were develop
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Levels of evidence in public health
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the study results were generalisabl
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Table 1.1: Changes in macronutrient
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population. NHMRC intends to work w
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Figure 1.2: Australian Guide to Hea
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Executive Summary Dietary patterns
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Consuming a wide variety of foods m
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varieties within each food group, f
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2.1.4.6 People in lower socioeconom
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vegetable intake and cancer has foc
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Endometrial, Ovarian and pancreatic
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2.2.3.2 Cancer Colorectal cancer: E
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2.2.4.2 Cancer Alimentary tract can
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2.2.5.2 Cancer mechanisms There is
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Table 2.1: Recommended number of se
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increasing appetites. Unless prescr
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2.3.2.1 Cardiovascular disease, typ
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Table 2.3: Recommended number of se
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2.4 Lean meat and poultry, fish, eg
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interpret because of widely varying
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2.4.2.3.1 Fish: Cardiovascular dise
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Smoked, salted and chemically prese
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Depending on age and sex, health be
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2.4.4.6 Vegetarians For several nut
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Evidence Statement Grade Consumptio
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2.5.3 How drinking milk and eating
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2.5.4.1 Pregnant and breastfeeding
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the recent review [14]. Many common
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2.6.2.3 Other conditions Dental car
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Where to next Both the quality and
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Executive summary This Guideline em
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3.1.2 The evidence for ‘limiting
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In the longer term, the review cond
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The P:M:S ratio is a useful tool in
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3.2.2 The evidence for ‘limiting
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3.2.3 How limiting intake of foods
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3.2.4.4 Older people Taste percepti
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No large studies have measured the
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Excess weight: Many foods containin
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etter health outcomes than those wh
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Evidence Statement Grade Consumptio
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Dementia: The evidence suggests an
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Drinking coffee, having a cold show
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In the absence of any research to q
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Executive summary Healthy weight is
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prevalence of obesity alone is high
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Compared to having a BMI between 18
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4.1.3.2 Energy intake and trend dat
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4.1.3.4 Energy intake from specific
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4.1.4.2 Benefits of physical activi
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4.2.1 Primary prevention Diet and p
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and consistent evidence that dietar
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4.2.2 Secondary prevention Behaviou
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Table 4.4 A stepped model for the m
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Taller or larger and more active ad
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Table 4.5 2010 Institute of Medicin
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For older, taller or more active ch
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Most older people will benefit from
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5. Encourage and support breastfeed
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5.1 Setting the scene The World Hea
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Evidence Statement Grade Exclusive
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Table 5.1 Factors associated with d
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5.2.4 Other benefits Sudden Infant
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5.3.1.3 Mothers in the workplace Ev
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5.3.1.3 Community support The succe
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Executive summary More than five mi
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[929]. Fresh fruit and vegetables c
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contamination (see above) avoided.
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1989 - 1995 Composition of Foods, A
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2001 Eat Well Australia: An Agenda
Page 155 and 156: 2011 A Review of the Evidence to Ad
Page 157 and 158: Professor Dorothy Mackerras Dr Dav
Page 159 and 160: Level III-2 - A comparative study w
Page 161 and 162: food options to meet additional ene
Page 163 and 164: Appendix 3. Assessing growth and he
Page 165 and 166: Table A3.1 International BMI cut-of
Page 167 and 168: A3.1.6 Z-scores and percentiles: Co
Page 169 and 170: Appendix 4. Physical activity guide
Page 171 and 172: Suggested activities include: mode
Page 173 and 174: Appendix 5. Studies examining the h
Page 175 and 176: that further specific studies are r
Page 177 and 178: Table A6.2 Energy and alcohol conte
Page 179 and 180: The economic, social and cultural f
Page 181 and 182: A diet consistent with the Guidelin
Page 183 and 184: In other more recent studies, highe
Page 185 and 186: A7.4 Aboriginal and Torres Strait I
Page 187 and 188: A7.4.3.2. Aboriginal people living
Page 189 and 190: Mortality rates for people born ove
Page 191 and 192: Appendix 8: Glossary Adequate Intak
Page 193 and 194: Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are pol
Page 195 and 196: Exclusive breastfeeding Means an in
Page 197 and 198: Legume/Beans Refers to all forms of
Page 199 and 200: Older adults For the purposes of th
Page 201 and 202: Reduced fat products For a food to
Page 203 and 204: celery and asparagus), gourd vegeta
Page 205: Evidence Statement Grade Fruit Cons
Page 209 and 210: References 1. Rayner, M. and P. Sca
Page 211 and 212: 27. Wilkinson, R. and M. Marmot, So
Page 213 and 214: 54. Hawkins, S.S., T.J. Cole, and C
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Page 217 and 218: 107. McCullough, M.L., et al., Diet
Page 219 and 220: 135. Brimblecombe, J.K. and K. O’
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Page 223 and 224: 189. Ward, H.A., et al., Breast, co
Page 225 and 226: 216. Paolini, M., et al., Beta-caro
Page 227 and 228: 244. Kelly, S.A., et al., Wholegrai
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642. Purdue, M.P., et al., Type of
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696. Rokholm, B., J.L. Baker, and T
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776. Monasta, L., et al., Early-lif
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803. Prentice, A.M. and S.A. Jebb,
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830. Callaway, L.K., et al., The pr
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857. Australian Institute of Health
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885. Demmelmair, H., J. von Rosen,
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911. Duong, D.V., C.W. Binns, and A
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940. Cashel K, L.J., NUTTAB89-Nutri
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995. Atlantis, E., E.H. Barnes, and
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1021. Australian Bureau of Statisti
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1049. Altman, J., Hunter-gatherers
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