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12 Chapter 2. Intellectual context exalted history to great hights, he did not consider it to be a science. 19 Other early modern scholars, however, did. Among them was the Italian Francesco Patrizi (1529-1597). He saw history as ‘an autonomous, if a rather eclectic science’, 20 which was concerned with telling the truth. 21 Patrizi had critique on treating history as a literary genre. He believed that writing history in ‘the traditional, rhetorical form’ led to falsehoods. 22 For Patrizi, ‘the historian could provide his readers useful information’, but for this to happen, the historian had to combine ‘narrative with the sorts of analytical history practised by antiquarians’. 23 According to early modern standards, there was a division between ‘the genre of historiography’ (historia) that tried to imitate the literary style of the classics and had strong didactical leanings, on the one hand, and ‘the genre of antiquarianism’ (antiquitates), on the other. 24 The task of the antiquarian was to track down, study, and open up to others both written and unwritten sources. 25 A characteristic of early modern antiquarians was that they were interested in the origins of all kinds of matters, e.g. peoples, languages hoc omnes concesseritis, privatim nihil esse melius, quàm rectè de Deo sentire; publicè nihil augustius, quàm, Numinis loco, in terris praesidere. Vnde sequitur, duas quoque omnium facilè principes scientias esse; pietatis sive religionis unam, quae congrua de Deo Christoque credere, & rectum utriusque cultum docet: prudentiae civilis alteram, quae Rempublicam dirigat ad civium bonum, tum terrenum, tum caeleste. Atqui, ut vidimus, & hujus, & illius, sic fundamenta ponit historia, ut sine eâ exsurgere neutra possit. Historia igitur ad pietatem ducit, ut veri simus Christiani, quo nihil melius: historia civilem prudentiam gignit, ut Dei loco praeesse aliis possimus, quo non aliud majus. Adeò ut stadium nullum, nulla scientia, praestantior historiâ reperiri possit.’ 19 Ibidem, p. 81. ‘Zo hebben we dus vastgesteld dat, hoewel de geschiedenis geen echte kundigheid is en ook geen wetenschap, ja, zelfs geen discipline, de geschiedkunde wel degelijk een kundigheid is, omdat ze over universele zaken handelt, iets wat niet gezegd kan worden van de geschiedenis. De geschiedkunde toch houdt zich bezig met afzonderlijke dingen en wel met het doel daaruit universele voorschriften te trekken en toe te lichten. Dat het in de ruime betekenis van het woord, een discipline en een wetenschap is, heeft niemand ontkend, want het gaat om leren kennen en weten.’ Gerard Vossius, Ars historica. Sive, De Historiae, & Historices naturâ, Historiaeque scribendae praeceptis, commentatio. Ad Illustristrissimum Virum, Joannem Berckium. Editio haec secunda dimidia fere parte propria manu autoris est locupletata (Johannes Maire; Leiden, 1653), p. 8. ‘Sic igitur statuimus: etsi historia propriè nec ars sit, nec scientia, atque adeò nec disciplina: tamen historicen esse artem: quippe quae circa universalia versetur: quod de historia dici non potest: ut quae occupetur circa singularia; idque eo fine, ut universalia praecepta inde colligantur, atque illustrentur. Laxè verò disciplinam ac scientiam esse, nemo negaverit, cùm discatur, & sciatur.’ 20 Kelley, “Humanism and History”, p. 256. Other early modern scholars who saw history as a science were Jean Bodin (1530-1596) and Henri Lancelot-Voisin de La Popelinière (1541-1608). With these two Frenchmen ‘history achieved not only recognition as a science but a position “above all sciences” as the source of all human disciplines …’. Ibidem, p. 257. 21 Anthony Grafton, What was History?: The Art of History in Early Modern Europe (Cambridge University Press; Cambridge, 2007), p. 39. 22 Ibidem. 23 Ibidem, pp. 132-33. 24 Sandra Langereis, Geschiedenis als ambacht: oudheidkunde in de Gouden Eeuw: Arnoldus Buchelius en Petrus Scriverius (Uitgeverij Verloren; Hilversum, 2001), p. 41. See also Burrow, A History of Histories, pp. 309-10. 25 Ibidem, pp. 25-26.
Chapter 2. Intellectual context and customs, and attached great value to ‘reliable documentation’. 26 In the seventeenth century the scholarly approach of antiquarians was still highly philological in character. It consisted of applying the critical techniques that the humanists used to detect anachronisms in texts in order to discover the true meaning of each individual text and its authenticity. These philological investigations were often completed with data supplied by other ‘sciences’: chronology, sigillography, and numismatics. 27 Although the task of the early modern antiquarian seems innocent enough, this does not mean that all those who performed it were impartial scholars, who were only interested in the truth and nothing but the truth. Like narrative historians, antiquarians could be, and often were, politically motived. 28 We will see an example of this in the person of Petrus Scriverius (1576-1660), an important early modern Dutch antiquarian and a patron of Boxhorn. 29 A contemporary of Scriverius was Arnoldus Buchelius (1565-1641), a Dutch antiquarian from Utrecht. Buchelius had an understanding that there was a distinction between different times, i.e. ‘that each time has its own institutions, customs, and habits’. 30 It is also possible to detect in his work ‘a trace’ of an ‘understanding of causality’, i.e. that there is a ‘causal connection between historical phenomena of completely different nature’. 31 Such an understanding is perhaps even more visible in the Jani Anglorum Facies Altera (Reverse or Back-face of the English Janus, 1610), an antiquarian study of the English scholar John Selden (1584-1654) that Boxhorn used to refute the legitimacy of the non-monarchical regime that controlled England after the execution of king Charles I in 1649. 32 After the middle of the seventeenth century the number of antiquarian studies increased in the Netherlands. This increase was not an isolated phenomenon. In general, it can be said that in the second half of the seventeenth century the study of the past acquired a more important role. The beginning 26 Graham Parry, The Trophies of Time: English Antiquarians of the Seventeenth Century (Oxford University Press; Oxford, 1st ed. 1995, 2007), pp. 9-10, with quote on p. 10. 27 Burrow, A History of Histories, pp. 304-5, and Haitsma Mulier, “A Repertory of Dutch Early Modern Historiography”, p. 118. 28 Ibidem, p. 299. 29 See chapter 3. 30 Herman Kampinga, De opvattingen over onze oudere vaderlandsche geschiedenis: bij de Hollandsche historici der XVIe XVI en XVIIe XVII eeuw eeuw. Vermeerderd met een register van personen door Dr. E.O.G. Haitsma Mulier (HES; Utrecht, 1st ed. 1917, 1980), pp. 197, 199-200, with quote on p. 197. 31 Ibidem, pp. 36-37, with quotes on p. 36. 32 Paul Christianson, Discourse on History, Law, and Governance in the Public Career of John Selden (1610-1635) (University of Toronto Press; Toronto, 1996), p. 30. ‘Selden showed how changes in one aspect of a society, such as religion, led to numerous adjustments elsewhere; for example, how the introduction of Christianity seriously reconstructed Saxon society by bringing in a new set of literate royal advisers.’ For Boxhorn’s use of Selden’s Jani Anglorum, see chapter 5. 13
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70 Chapter 3. Biography From 1647 o
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74 Chapter 3. Biography Republic. 1
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78 Chapter 3. Biography supplement
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80 Chapter 3. Biography 4. Position
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82 Chapter 3. Biography possible ar
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84 Chapter 3. Biography Conclusion
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86 Chapter 4. Times of success. Def
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Chapter 6. New tidings 173 an old a
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Chapter 6. New tidings new and true
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194 Chapter 7. The mistress of life
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Chapter 10 Conclusion At the beginn
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344 Bibliography Appian, The Civil
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346 Bibliography Onlancx uytghegeve
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348 Bibliography Boxhorn, Marcus Zu
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350 Bibliography selver sincere int
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352 Bibliography Heinsius, Daniel,
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354 Bibliography Polybius, The Rise
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356 Bibliography Suetonius, Lives o
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358 Bibliography Bijl, Murk van der
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360 Bibliography Bunge, Wiep van, e
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362 Bibliography Dreitzel, Horst, P
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364 Bibliography Friedeburg, Robert
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366 Bibliography Grafton, Anthony,
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368 Bibliography Haitsma Mulier, E.
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370 Bibliography in Historical Pers
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372 Bibliography Kluiver, J.H., De
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374 Bibliography Mager, Wolfgang,
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376 Bibliography Nifterik, Gustaaf
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378 Bibliography Putnam, George Hav
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380 Bibliography Scott, Jonathan,
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382 Bibliography Toomer, Gerald J.,
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384 Bibliography Wedgwood, C.V.,
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Summary in Dutch (Samenvatting in h
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Curriculum vitae About the author J
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This book offers the fi rst compreh
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