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70 Chapter 3. Biography From 1647 onwards Boxhorn’s health seemed to have taken a turn for the worst. 172 From a letter of the German poet and former Leiden student Andreas Gryphius (1616-1664) to Johann Heinrich Boecler (1611-1672) we learn that in the summer of 1647 Boxhorn had ‘passed the cliffs of a severe disease, nay even of death’. 173 At the end of his life Boxhorn was struck by a disease that hit his joints and limbs. His feet got ‘so weakened that Boxhorn quite rarely went, or rather crawled, to the university with a tortoise-like and staggering pace’. The problems with his feet were followed up by problems with his stomach. Boxhorn could no longer keep everything in; he had a hard time with solid food and followed a diet of drinks and sauces. 174 Boxhorn’s personal life was certainly not without its tribulations. However, despite the adversities Boxhorn met with, his personal life was not all sorrow and misery. On December 7, 1639, Boxhorn married Susanne Duvelaar († c.1653), a daughter of Pieter Joosten Duvelaar (1590-1645), who was a member of the town council of Middelburg. 175 Susanne bore Boxhorn ad te litterarum initia in excusanda earum infrequentia debeant occupari. Iterum morbos loquor, & occupationes. Aliquot jam menses nec aegroto, nec valeo, sed, ut ille loquitur, in statu quaerulo sum, & moroso.’ And his letter of January 7, 1645, to Rochus Hoffer with his letter to Constantijn Huygens, dated March 10, 1645. Ibidem, pp. 231-32. ‘Caeterum ut ut ea lentitudine largiter in humanitatem tuam peccasse possim videri, veniam tamen ab eadem facile hunc hominem impetraturum confido, qui per menses jam aliquod languet, & dum neque valet satis, neque aegrotat, vix praesens aut literarum ministerio debita officia valuit occupare.’ In both letters that are quoted Boxhorn uses Seneca, Ad serenum de tranquilitate animi, I.2, to describe his condition. 172 Baselius, “Historia vitae & obitus”, xvii. ‘Quod quidem ut ei commune fuit cum plerisque mortalium, ita non aliud evenit, quam ex magna hominis occupatione, prae negotiorum dum varietate tum mole, aliisque ex aliis inde nascentibus avocamentis, & praeter haec adversâ sub finem vitae valetudine. Quâ tamen ad annum trigesimum quintum & ultra sic satis firma usus est. excepto uno alterove graviori morbo, quo decubuit.’ 173 The letter is written on July 12, 1647. See Stefan Kiedroń, Andreas Gryphius und die Niederlande: niederländische Einflüsse auf sein Leben und Schaffen (Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego; Wrocław, 1993), pp. 51-52, with the Latin quotation on p. 52. ‘Boxhornius ingentis morbi, quin imo mortis scopulos praetervectus, incredibile dictu quam hilari fronte tuas exceperit, quam larga panegyri laudes Boecleri me coram illustravit.’ Boecler was a German professor of eloquence and later of history at the University of Strasbourg. See Weber, Prudentia gubernatioria, pp. 94-95. See also Droixhe, “Boxhorn’s Bad Reputation”, p. 363, of whose translation I have benefitted. 174 According to Lambertus Barlaeus, to whom we owe this information, there was no consensus among the doctors how to call this disease: phthisis, atrophy, or anorexia? Barlaeus, “Oratio funebris In Excessum Clarissimi Viri, Marci Zuerii Boxhornii …”, p. 153. ‘Quo nomine fuerit appellandus hic affectus, medicorum inter se disceptent filii. Phthisin alii vocant: alii Atrophiam, vel Anorexiam: nonnulli omnes has pestes quasi facto agmine in ipsum incurisse verius affirmant. Quicquid sit, haec occulta lues, ut incrudescere primum coepit, pedes labefactavit aegri nostri, corporis sui columnas, quos ita attenuârat, ut rarius, nec nisi testudineo ac vacillante gradu ad Academiam proreperet potius quam iret. Subsecuta est deinde nutritionis, & virium omnium dejectio, ut cibum nullum admitteret fastidiosus stomachus. Si quid enim vel carnium ovillarum, vel piscium fluviatilium, aut firmioris edulii ingereretur, continuo id reddere coactus fuit. Solo potu Cereali, vino, & embammatis liquidioribus vitam utcunque sustentabat.’ See also Droixhe, “Boxhorn’s Bad Reputation”, p. 363, of whose translation I have benefitted. 175 According to Pieter Meertens, in 1632 Boxhorn was intented to marry a relative of Susanne, a girl from Flushing. This marriage, however, did not go through. Meertens, Letterkundig leven in Zeeland in de zestiende en eerste helft der zeventiende eeuw, p. 364. I have not found any evidence of this intended
Chapter 3. Biography two daughters, Johanna (c.1643-1667 or later) and Anna Justina (1651-?). 176 A third child, born shortly after Boxhorn’s death in October 1653 and according to his biographer Baselius ‘certainly a boy’, was either stillborn or dying. Soon after the death of her husband and third child, Susanne also past away, leaving Boxhorn’s two daughters behind as orphans. 177 Boxhorn’s marriage to Susanne Duvelaar connected him to a patrician family in one of the main commercial maritime towns of the Dutch Republic. 178 It marriage of Boxhorn in his letters. For the date of Boxhorn’s marriage to Susanne Duvelaar, see his letter to Antonius Matthaeus, dated November 13, 1639. Boxhorn, Epistolae et poemata, p. 150. ‘Itaque ad nuptiarum nostrarum sollemnia, quibus dies dictus est Decembris septimus, te cum uxore tuâ nunc voco.’ Antonius Matthaeus (1601-1654) was professor of law at Utrecht and was married to Anna Pontanus, the eldest daughter of Johannes Isacius Pontanus. NNBW, NNBW Vol. 7, p. 847. See also Johannes Isacius Pontanus, Brieven van en aan Jo. Is. Pontanus, 1595-1639. Uitgegeven door P.N. v. Doorninck en P.C. Molhuysen (Gebrs. Van Brederode; Haarlem, 1909), viii-ix. 176 Barlaeus, “Oratio Funebris In Excessum Clarissimi Viri, Marci Zuerii Boxhornii …”, p. 147. ‘Verum uti majorum natalibus meritisque resplendet Defunctus noster, ita nec affinitate eum minus fortunatum judico, qui cum ad nuptias animum appulisset, uxorem sibi delegit non togata de plebe aliquam, sed patritia è gente virginem, nempe Susannam Duvelariam, Petri Duvelarii Middelburgensium Consulis spectatissimi filiam, insignibus cum corporis, tum animae dotibus ornatam foeminam, quae foecunda mater geminam marito suo peperit sobolem, at sequioris sexus, Johannam Boxhorniam natu majorem, & Annam Justinam, minorem annis erectae utramque indolis filiolam.’ A ‘Joanna Zverius Boxhorn’ is mentioned as a witness at a baptism on March 25, 1667, at Bergen op Zoom. See: http://www. markiezenhof.nl/index.php?option=com_genealogie_zoeken&Itemid=36&sub=detail&id=670383. (Date: 6/12/2010). For the birth date of Johanna, see http://leiden.digitalestamboom.nl/(jv2f1145l2xw3b550b3i5145)/detailx.aspx?p=3744325&ID=255334&book=D&role=F&page. (Date: 7/12/2010). For the birth date of Anna Justina, see http://leiden.digitalestamboom.nl/(jv2f1145l2xw3b550b3i5145)/ detailx.aspx?p=3744883&ID=255333&book=D&role=M&page and http://leiden.digitalestamboom. nl/(jv2f1145l2xw3b550b3i5145)/detailx.aspx?p=3744884&ID=255332&book=D&role=M&page. (Date of both records: 7/12/2010). These last two records indicate that Anna and Justina were a twin. However, both Barlaeus and Baselius, who was a close friend of Boxhorn, indicate that Boxhorn only had two daughters. Baselius, “Historia vitae & obitus”, xix. ‘Sed ad finem vitae accedo, paucis de conjugio ejus praemissis quod sub finem anni 1639. cum lectissimâ virgine Susannâ, Amplissimi & optimi viri Petri Duvelarii Medioburgensium Consulis filiâ contraxit, & secundâ prole utrâq; femellâ beatum vidit.’ Modern scholarship confirms Barlaeus’s and Baselius’s story. According to Murk van der Bijl, Boxhorn had two daughters, Johanna and Anna Justina. The latter maried Johannes van Miggrode (1624-?), registrar and treasurer of Middelburg, with whom she had one son, Marcus Zuerius Boxhorn van Miggrode (1682-1720). Murk van der Bijl, Idee en interest: voorgeschiedenis, verloop en achtergronden van de politieke twisten in Zeeland en vooral in Middelburg tussen 1702 en 1715 (Ph.D.-dissertation, Wolters-Noordhoff/ Bouma’s Boekhuis; Groningen, 1981), supplement V. See also Josua van Iperen, Historische redenvoering, bij het ontdekken der gedenknaalde; opgericht ter eere van Joannes van Miggrode, den eersten en voornaamsten kerkhervormer van Zeeland … (Martinus de Bruyn; Amsterdam, 1774), pp. 171-73, 178-180, who provides dates. 177 Baselius, “Historia vitae & obitus”, xix. ‘Tertiùm uterum gerens illa maritum amisit, & paulo post obitum mariti partum enixa, ut inaudivi masculum quidem sed mortuum aut moribundum, utrumque deinde secuta est.’ This child was born somewhere between Boxhorn’s death on October 3, 1653, and Barlaeus’s oration on Boxhorn’s death six days later on October 9. Barlaeus, “Oratio Funebris In Excessum Clarissimi Viri, Marci Zuerii Boxhornii …”, p. 147. ‘Tertia in utero prole posthuma jam gravida ex Defuncto nostro relicta, partuique proxima peracerbo conjugis sui divortio immane quantum affligitur.’ For the date of Barlaeus’s funeral oration, see footnote 13 above. 178 Middelburg was one of the seven members of the States of Zeeland. In the middle of the seventeenth century the town had around 30.000 inhabitants, as much as Rotterdam in Holland and the town of Utrecht. In the Dutch Republic only Amsterdam, Leiden, and Haarlem had more inhabitants than Middelburg at that time. Middelburg housed the admirality college of Zeeland and the Zeeland chambers of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Dutch West India Company (WIC). It was also ‘strictly Reformed’. J.H. Kluiver, De souvereine en independente staat Zeeland: de politiek van de provincie 71
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HISTORICAL AND POLITICAL THOUGHT IN
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Promotiecommissie Promotor: Prof.dr
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CONTENT PREFACE v ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v
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Content CHAPTER 9. THE WORKING OF P
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vi Preface The greatest thanks, how
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194 Chapter 7. The mistress of life
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344 Bibliography Appian, The Civil
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346 Bibliography Onlancx uytghegeve
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348 Bibliography Boxhorn, Marcus Zu
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350 Bibliography selver sincere int
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352 Bibliography Heinsius, Daniel,
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354 Bibliography Polybius, The Rise
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356 Bibliography Suetonius, Lives o
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358 Bibliography Bijl, Murk van der
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360 Bibliography Bunge, Wiep van, e
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362 Bibliography Dreitzel, Horst, P
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364 Bibliography Friedeburg, Robert
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366 Bibliography Grafton, Anthony,
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368 Bibliography Haitsma Mulier, E.
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370 Bibliography in Historical Pers
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372 Bibliography Kluiver, J.H., De
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374 Bibliography Mager, Wolfgang,
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376 Bibliography Nifterik, Gustaaf
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378 Bibliography Putnam, George Hav
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380 Bibliography Scott, Jonathan,
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382 Bibliography Toomer, Gerald J.,
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384 Bibliography Wedgwood, C.V.,
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Summary in Dutch (Samenvatting in h
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Curriculum vitae About the author J
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This book offers the fi rst compreh
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