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64 Chapter 3. Biography it seemed that his mind was made for the arts, he was unable to give up the arts’. So Boxhorn quit his study of theology, probably somewhere in 1629. 141 Unlike his grandfather, father, and brother Boxhorn would not become a Reformed minister. 142 After quiting his study of theology Boxhorn stayed in Leiden together with his next of kin. 143 He did not spend his days in idleness. From his letters to the scholar Johannes Isacius Pontanus (1571-1639) we know that between 1630 and 1632 Boxhorn was working on the Theatrum. 144 This work appeared in 1632. That same year also saw the beginning of Boxhorn’s lifelong academic career at Leiden University when he, aged twenty, became lecturer of eloquence. 145 Boxhorn would never take up an academic position anywhere else, nor would he ever leave Leiden for a foreign adventure, despite an attempt to lure him to Sweden. 146 Boxhorn’s academic career at Leiden University was one of steady progress. The year after his appointment as lecturer of eloquence, he became extraordinary professor of eloquence. In 1636 he was given permission to start a collegium oratorium publicum (public college for orators). Four years later followed 141 Baselius, “Historia vitae & obitus”, iv-v. ‘Inter ea temporis Philologicum & Philosophicum studiorum cursum absolvit, & ad Theologiam, cui destinabatur animum applicuit. in qua sub illius facultatis Professoribus, nominatim Johanne Polyandro à Kerckhoven, sic & cum laude profecit ut progressûs non illaudanda specimina ediderit, quâ publice, quà privatim. Sed cum ingenium ad litteraturam quasi natum videretur, illam deserere nequiit etiam tum quando cum fructu coepta Theologia studia absolvere poterat. Hinc illa ipsa non intermissa modo, sed plane relicta, solum Philologicum tractatum fuit. Cujus mox alterum specimen publicum edidit, scriptione Encomii Granatarum, horrendae, ut titulus habet, & stupendae in bello virtutis. Quod anno sequenti editum & Patriae suae, Civitatis Bergobzomanae Magistratui inscriptum ivit.’ The Granatarum horrendae, & stupendae in bello virtutis encomium was published in 1630. See footnote 64 above. 142 Boxhorn’s twin brother Hendrik would serve as a minister in forts of the Dutch Republic and in the town of Terneuzen in States Flanders. Baselius, “Historia vitae & obitus”, ii. ‘… & quidem natu major Marco huic fuit Henricus, qui paternis insistens vestigiis Ecclesiae pastoratum desideravit & gessit primum in Fortalitiis à Cruce & Frederico Henrico nomen habentibus, ad Scaldin fluvium in Brabantiae, versus Flandriam, inde Neussae in Flandriae, versus Zelandiam, item confiniis.’ See also Van Lieburg, Repertorium van Nederlandse hervormde predikanten tot 1816, Vol. 1, p. 33, which provides dates. 143 The earliest letter we have of Boxhorn is written at Leiden, on April 4, 1630. The letter is adressed to Pontanus. In the letter Boxhorn sends Pontanus the greetings of his grandfather, his twin brother Henricus and a sister. ‘Salve, una cum uxore tuâ, & liberis, à reverendo sene, avo meo, fratre, & sorore item meâ.’ Boxhorn, Epistolae et poemata, pp. 1-2, with quote on p. 2. From the exchange of letters between Boxhorn and his brother Hendrik, on the one hand, and Pontanus, on the other, it can be deduced that Boxhorn and his family were living in Leiden in 1630 and 1631. See Andreas Alciatus, Tractatus contra vitam monasticam. Cui accedit sylloge epistolarum: nimirum … Petri Scriverii … Jo. Is. Pontani … M. Z. Boxhornii … (Gerard Block; The Hague, 1740), pp. 93, 97, 135, 220, 256-57. 144 See Boxhorn, Epistolae et poemata, pp. 3, 6-10, 15, 19, 25. For a discussion of the Theatrum, see chapter 7. 145 P.C. Molhuysen, Bronnen tot de geschiedenis der Leidsche Universiteit, Vol. 2 (Martinus Nijhoff; The Hague, 1916), p. 179. 146 Barlaeus, “Oratio funebris In Excessum Clarissimi Viri, Marci Zuerii Boxhornii …”, p. 150. ‘Imo in tanto habebatur apud exteros pretio, ut evocatus fuerit à Suecorum apud Ordines Foederatos Legato, Reginae & Procerum nomine ad amplissimas dignitates in Sueciam, sed amorem patriae suae Septentrionum illis filiis praetulit, & Attalicis conditionibus animum tunc sua sorte contentum.’
Chapter 3. Biography Boxhorn’s appointment as ordinary professor of eloquence. In 1643 Boxhorn managed to persuade the curators to allow him to hold political disputions in public. 147 In 1648 he received permission to give public lectures on history in stead of Heinsius, who had been granted a ‘temporary dispensation from teaching’. Boxhorn’s new task was meant to be provisional probably until Heinsius would resume his teaching responsibilities. Heinsius, however, never resumed teaching and on the title page of the funeral oration Lambert Barlaeus held on Boxhorn’s death we read that during his life Boxhorn was ‘a very renowned professor of eloquence and history’. 148 Despite his steady rise on the academic ladder, Boxhorn’s career was not only a story of success. In 1633, before he was appointed as extraordinary professor of eloquence, Boxhorn had tried to obtain the office of professor of ethics. The curators, however, held his request that this office be assigned to him ‘in consideration’ and nothing further came of it, 149 perhaps because Cunaeus, who, according to one modern scholar, ‘de facto controlled academic appointments in politics and related fields’ since his own appointment as professor of politics in 1614 ‘till his death in 1638’, was opposed to it. 150 Boxhorn’s attempts to become historiographer of the prince of Orange (in 1640), the States of Zeeland (in 1644), and the States General (in 1649) were also all unsuccesfull. 151 In addition to this, his appointment as ordinary professor of eloquence only 147 Molhuysen, Bronnen tot de geschiedenis der Leidsche Universiteit, Vol. 2, pp. 183-84, 204, 247, 276, 341-42. 148 Barlaeus, “Oratio Funebris In Excessum Clarissimi Viri, Marci Zuerii Boxhornii, Eloquentiae & Historiarum in inclyta Academia Luguno-Batavâ, dum viveret, Professoris celeberrimi, habita In Auditorio Theologico IX. Octobris, Anno M DC LIII”, p. 141. Boxhorn was allowed to temporarily hold public lectures on history on the condition that he ‘in the meanwhile shall keep out of the profession of eloquence’. Only after Boxhorn’s death did the curators appoint Anthonius Thysius Jr. (c.1603-1665) as ‘ordinary professor of eloquence in stead of Boxhorn, who has passed away’. For this researcher it is unclear if Boxhorn was ever officially appointed as professor of history. For Boxhorn, see P.C. Molhuysen, Bronnen tot de geschiedenis der Leidsche Universiteit, Vol. 3 (Martinus Nijhoff; The Hague, 1918), p. 20. ‘Ende in plaetse van D. Heinsius, Historiarum Professor, is by provisie tot het doen van de publique lesse in de Historien toegelaten den Professor Marcus Zuerius Boxhornius, op een wedden van f 1000, mits dat deselve Boxhornius sich ondertussen niet en sal bemoeyen met de professie Eloquentiae, by hem tot noch toe bedient.’ For the appointment of Thysius, see ibidem, p. 78. ‘Zij [i.e. the curators and burgomasters-JN] benoemen Thysius tot Professor ordinarius Eloquentiae in plaats van Boxhorn, die overleden is.’ For Heinsius, see Sellin, Daniel Heinsius and Stuart England, pp. 64-65, with quote on p. 65. 149 Molhuysen, Bronnen tot de geschiedenis der Leidsche Universiteit, Vol. 2, p. 183. ‘C. en B. houden een verzoek van Boxhorn, om hem de professio Ethicae op te dragen, in bedenken …’ 150 Campos Boralevi, “Classical Foundational Myths of European Republicanism: The Jewish Commonwealth”, p. 258. It is possible that Cunaeus did not want to see a protégé of Heinsius, with whom he ‘had never been on the best of terms’, be appointed as professor of ethics. Cunaeus was married into the Leiden patriciate and was intimate ‘with the local magistracy, amply represented among curators’. See the introduction of Arthur Eyffinger to Cunaeus, The Hebrew Republic, xxii-xxiv, with quotes on xxiii and xxiv. On the other hand, it could also be that Boxhorn was deemed too young and unexperienced for such an office, or simply not qualified enough. Finally, it could also be that out of financial considerations the curators and burgomasters did not want to appoint an ordinary professor of ethics. 151 For these attempts, see Boxhorn, Epistolae et poemata, pp. 158-59, 219-20, 225-26, 308-9. 65
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HISTORICAL AND POLITICAL THOUGHT IN
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Promotiecommissie Promotor: Prof.dr
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CONTENT PREFACE v ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v
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Content CHAPTER 9. THE WORKING OF P
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vi Preface The greatest thanks, how
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Abbreviations KB Koninklijke Biblio
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2 Chapter 1. Introduction formed a
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194 Chapter 7. The mistress of life
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Chapter 10 Conclusion At the beginn
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344 Bibliography Appian, The Civil
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346 Bibliography Onlancx uytghegeve
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348 Bibliography Boxhorn, Marcus Zu
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350 Bibliography selver sincere int
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352 Bibliography Heinsius, Daniel,
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354 Bibliography Polybius, The Rise
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356 Bibliography Suetonius, Lives o
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358 Bibliography Bijl, Murk van der
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360 Bibliography Bunge, Wiep van, e
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362 Bibliography Dreitzel, Horst, P
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364 Bibliography Friedeburg, Robert
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366 Bibliography Grafton, Anthony,
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368 Bibliography Haitsma Mulier, E.
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370 Bibliography in Historical Pers
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372 Bibliography Kluiver, J.H., De
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374 Bibliography Mager, Wolfgang,
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376 Bibliography Nifterik, Gustaaf
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378 Bibliography Putnam, George Hav
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380 Bibliography Scott, Jonathan,
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382 Bibliography Toomer, Gerald J.,
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384 Bibliography Wedgwood, C.V.,
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Summary in Dutch (Samenvatting in h
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Curriculum vitae About the author J
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This book offers the fi rst compreh
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