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PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS Since the genetic heterogeneity of different populations of S. divinorum is unknown, it is not possible to attribute the different levels of 1 in these plants to any specific environmental or genetic conditions. Four separate collections of the plant which may represent distinct clones showed that variability in levels of 1 between clones is as great as the variability between plants of the same clone grown in different locations. These results are in contrast to earlier TLC analyses that suggested that there were no appreciable differences in levels of salvinorin A among plants grown in Michigan, Louisiana, or Mexico (Valdés, 1994). The http://www.sagewisdom.org/phytochemical.html (7 of 9) [04.09.01 10:20:46]
PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS Wasson and Hofmann clone samples showed a range of 1.94 to 3.70 mg/g of 1 with an average value of 2.69 mg/g (±0.67, n = 5). The "palatable" clone showed a range of 0.89 to 2.83 mg/g of 1 with an average of 1.73 mg/g (±0.99, n = 4). Two other samples from distinct collections made in Oaxaca contained 2.61 and 1.89 mg/g of salvinorin A. An early report by Epling and Játiva (1962) showing that S. divinorum was most closely allied to S. concolor Lamb ex. Benth led us to screen this species for salvinorin A content. Ethnobotanical reports suggesting that Coleus blumei was similarly used as a psychotropic by the Mazatec (Wasson, 1962) caused us to screen one sample of this species as well for possible content of 1. HPLC analysis of the leaf extracts of these two species did not show any salvinorin A present, nor was 1 found in leaf extracts of S. blepharophylla, S. chiapensis, S. gregii var. San Isidro, S. leucantha, S. membranacea or S. recurva. In summary, application of a novel HPLC methodology to quantify salvinorin A in S. divinorum leaves established the typical levels of this compound in a number of samples of the plant. Further screening of additional sage species for 1 may help elucidate the origins and taxonomic position of S. divinorum within the genus Salvia. Additionally, this analytical assay can be utilized in screening for salvinorin A in other S. divinorum plant parts. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank Dr. John R. Porter for advice on plant tissue culture and phytochemical methods and for critical reading of the manuscript, Dr. Anil D'Mello for his advice concerning the development of quantitative HPLC methodology, and Jeremy Mihalov, Anne Giordano and Mila Denisova for their invaluable contributions. We gratefully acknowledge PCPS for financial support, namely the Evelyn C. F. Ma Memorial Research Fellowship (J.W.G.) and Summer Research Salary Support (R.S.H.). REFERENCES Epling, C. and Játiva•M, C. (1962). A New Species of Salvia from Mexico. Bot. Mus, Leaflets, Harvard Univ. 20, 75•76. McKenna, D. J. (1996). Plant Hallucinogens: Springboards for Psychotherapeutic Drug Discovery. Behav. Brain Res. 73, 109•115. Ortega, A., Blount, J. F. and Manchand, P. S. (1982). Salvinorin, a New Trans•Neocleroclane Diterpene from Salvia divinorum (Labiatae). J. Chem. Soc. Perkins Trans. 1,2505•2508. http://www.sagewisdom.org/phytochemical.html (8 of 9) [04.09.01 10:20:46]
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