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ABSTRACT organisms. Results of this experiment are given in Table 2. The antimicrobial effects of the acetone extraction did not depend on gram staining characteristics. A. faecalis and P. fluorescens are gram negative organisms, and the extract had no effect. However, it inhibited the growth of the gram negative organisms C. freundi, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa. Conversely, the solution had no effect on M. luteus, S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and S. lactis, although it did inhibit the growth of another gram positive organism, B. subtilis. The morphology of the microbe did affect the result. Gram negative and gram positive cocci were in all cases unaffected by the acetone extract. However, gram positive, negative, and variable rods were either inhibited or slightly inhibited. The rods B. cereus, P. fluorescens, and E. aerogenes were the exceptions. Figure 2 shows the division of rod-shaped species into families and their sensitivity to S. divinorum extract. The effect of S. divinorum on duodenal smooth muscle is not clear, although the extract appears to decrease the frequency of phasic contractions while increasing their duration. Typically, contractions occurred approximately once every two seconds when the muscle was bathed in pure Tyrode’s solution. However, when bathed in 100% S. divinorum extract, contractions appeared to stop completely. When flushed with Tyrode’s solution, the muscle recovered almost completely. When the duodenum was bathed in 50% S. divinorum extract, the muscle would contract for approximately 15 seconds, relax for about 2 seconds, and then contract again. By comparison, when the muscle was bathed in extract of L. nobilis, the muscle would stop contracting and would not recover when flushed with Tyrode’s solution. Figure 3 shows the tracings produced from a single strip of duodenal smooth muscle treated with S. divinorum. Discussion and Conclusion Agar diffusion is an excellent method to quickly determine anti-microbial properties, but has a few sources of error. Among them is [1] clerical error in recording data, [2] reader error in measuring zone diameters, and [3] contamination or changes in the bacterial strain being tested (27). Also, agar diffusion may not give an accurate picture of the effectiveness of an antibiotic within a living organism. Microbes may show in vitro sensitivity to an antibiotic, with little or no sensitivity to it in vivo (29). Our preliminary testing with duodenal smooth muscle produced variable results. In three of the mice tested, 15 to 20 second contractions were recorded, but in two, this result could not be reproduced. This may have been due to problems with the measuring equipment. At times, the muscle was visibly contracting, yet produced no tracing. Also, a larger sample size is necessary for statistical analysis. Works Cited 1. Valdés, L. J. The Pharmacognosy of Salvia divinorum (Epling and Játiva-M): An Investigation of Ska María Pastora (Mexico). University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; 1983. 2. Siebert, D. J. Salvia divinorum and salvinorin A: new pharmacologic findings. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 43, 53-56; 1994. 3. Ott, J. Ethnopharmacognosy and human pharmacology of Salvia divinorum and salvinorin A. Curare, 18(I), 103-129; 1995. 4. Johnson, J. B. The elements of Mazatec witchcraft. Göteborgs Etnografiska Museum Etnologiska Studier 9, 119-149; 1939. 5. Reko, B.P. Mitobotánica Zapoteca. Privately published: Tacubaya, Mexico; 1945. 6. Weitlaner, R. J. Curaciones Mazatecas, Anales el Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia 4, 279-285, 1952. 7. Ott, J. The Age of Entheogens and the Angels’ Dictionary. Kennewick, WA: Natural Products, 1995. 8. Pendell, D. Plant Powers, Poisons, and Herbcraft. San Francisco: Mercury House, 1995. 9. Epling, C.; Játiva, C.D. A new species of Salvia from Mexico. Botanical Museum Leaflets Harvard University 20(3), 75-76; 1962. 10. Wasson, R. G. Notes on the present status of ololiuhqui and the other hallucinogens of Mexico. Botanical Museum Leaflets Harvard University (20)6, 161-193; 1963. 11. Heffern, R. Secrets of the Mind-Altering Plants of Mexico. New York: Pyramid Books, 1975. 12. Turner, D. M. Salvinorin: The Psychedelic Essence of Salvia divinorum. San Francisco: Panther Press, 1996. 13. Ott, J. Pharmacotheon: Entheogenic Drugs, Their Plant Sources and History. Kennewick, WA: Natural Products, 1996. 14. Díaz, J. L. Ethnopharmacology and taxonomy of Mexican psychodysleptic plants. Journal of Psychedelic Drugs II (1-2), 71-101; 1979. 15. Wasson, R.G. A new Mexican psychotropic drug from the mint family. Botanical Museum Leaflets Harvard University, 77-84; 1962. 16. Reisfield, A. S. The botany of Salvia divinorum (Labiatae). SIDA 15(3), 349-366; 1993. 17. Valdés, L. J.; Hatfield, G. M.; Koreeda, M.; Paul, A. G. Studies of Salvia divinorum (Lamiaceae), an halluciongenic mint from the http://www.sagewisdom.org/rovinsky.html (5 of 10) [04.09.01 10:22:09]
ABSTRACT Sierra Mazateca in Oaxaca, central Mexico. Economic Botany, 41(2), 283-291; 1987. 18. Duke, J. A. Ethnobotanical observations on the Cuna Indians. Economic botany, 29(3), 278-293; 1975. 19. Valdés, L. J. Salvia divinorum and the unique diterpene hallucinogen, salvinorin (divinorin) A. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 26(3), 277-283; 1994. 20. Schultes, R. E. Hallucinogenic Plants. New York: Golden Press, 1976. 21. Ortega, A.; Blount, J. F.; Manchand, P. S. Salvinorin, a new trans-neoclerodanediterpene from Salvia divinorum (Labiatae). Journal of the Chemical Society. 2505-2508; 1982 22. Koreeda, M.; Brown, L.; Valdés, L. J. The absolute stereochemistry of salvinorins. Chemistry Letters. 2015-2018; 1990. 23. Valdés, L. J. Divinorin A, a psychotropic terpenoid, and divinorin B from the hallucinogenic Mexican mint Salvia divinorum. Journal of Organic Chemistry, 49(24), 4716-4720; 1984. 24. Valdés, L. J. Loliolide from Salvia divinorum. Journal of Natural Products. 171; 1986. 25. Ulubelen, A.; Topcu, G.; Eris, C.; Sönmez, U.; Kartal, M.; Kurucu, S.; Bozok-Johansson, C. Terpenoids from Salvia sclarea. Phytochemistry, 36 (4), 971-974; 1994. 26. Klein, R. M.; Klein, D. T. Research Methods in Plant Science. Garden City, New York: The Natural History Press, 1970. 27. National Commitee on Clinical Laboratory Standards. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk Sensitivity Tests, 4th ed. (10)7 Approved standard M2-A4; 1991. 28. Sleigh, J. D.; Timburg, M. C. Notes on Medical Bacteriology. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1981. 29. Ravel, R. Clinical Laboratory Medicine: Clinical Application of Laboratory Data. St. Louis: Mosby, 1995. Table 1: Receptor sites tested for salvinorin A inhibition Category Sites Tested Sites Tested Sites Tested Neurotransmitters adenosine alpha 1 alpha 2 beta dopamine 1 Regulatory sites Benzodiazepine(centrl) glycine (stry insens.) Brain/gut peptides angiotensin Ty2 Growth factors and peptides argvasopressin V1 bombesin CCK peripheral http://www.sagewisdom.org/rovinsky.html (6 of 10) [04.09.01 10:22:09] dopamine 2 GABAA GABAB serotonin 1 serotonin 2 Muscainic 3 NMDA Kainate Quisqualate PCP MK-801 substance P substance K NPY Neurotensin Glycine (stry sens.) Somatostatin VIP AN1 EG NGF
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The Salvia divinorum Research and I
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Daniel J Siebert's Home Page analog
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type_Document_Title_here A Salvia d
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Bibliography Salvia divinorum Bibli
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Bibliography Ortega, A. et al. (198
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type_Document_Title_here Salvinorin
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