Untitled - Kelly Walsh High School

More documents

Recommendations

Info

CHAPTER 12 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆ Solutions ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆ You should read this chapter if you need to review or learn about: ➜ Concentration units ➜ Percentage ➜ Molality Mole fraction ➜ ➜ Dilution ➜ Raoult’s law ➜ Colloids ➜ Colligative properties 171 Copyright © 2007 by John Moore and Richard Langley. Click here for terms of use.
172 CHEMISTRY FOR THE UTTERLY CONFUSED Get Started The major goal of this chapter is to help you master the concepts associated with solutions—concentration units, solubility, and especially colligative properties. We will also examine the properties of colloids. If you are still unsure about calculations and the mole concept, review Chapters 1, 3, and 4. And again, the only way to master these concepts is to Practice, Practice, Practice. 12-1 Concentration Units A solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of solvent and one or more solutes. The solvent is normally the substance present in the greatest amount. The solute is the substance that is present in the smaller amount. If water is the solvent, it is an aqueous solution. You may have more than one solute in a solution. Some substances will dissolve in a particular solvent and others will not. There is a general rule in chemistry that states “like dissolves like.” Polar substances (such as alcohols) will dissolve in polar solvents like water. Nonpolar solutes (such as iodine) will dissolve in nonpolar solvents such as carbon tetrachloride. The mass of solute per 100 mL of solvent (g/100 mL) is a common alternative to expressing the solubility as molarity. It is necessary to specify the temperature because the solubility of a substance will vary with the temperature. The solubility of a solid dissolving in a liquid normally increases with increasing temperature. The reverse is true for a gas dissolving in a liquid. A solution containing the maximum amount of solute per given amount of solvent at a given temperature is a saturated solution. An unsaturated solution has less than that maximum amount of solute dissolved. Sometimes, there may be more that that maximum amount of solute, resulting in a supersaturated solution. Supersaturated solutions are unstable and eventually expel the excess solute, forming a saturated solution. There are many ways of expressing the relative amounts of solute(s) and solvent in a particular solution. The terms saturated, unsaturated, and supersaturated discussed above give a qualitative measure of solubility, as do the terms dilute and concentrated. Dilute refers to a solution that has a relatively small amount of solute in comparison to the amount of solvent. Concentrated refers to a solution that has a relatively large amount of solute in comparison to the solvent. These terms are very subjective and chemists prefer to use quantitative
Page 2 and 3:
Chemistry for the Utterly Confused
Page 4 and 5:
Page 6 and 7:
We would like to dedicate this book
Page 8 and 9:
◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
Page 10 and 11:
Contents ix Chapter 5 Gases 79 Do I
Page 12 and 13:
Contents xi Get Started 146 10-1 Mo
Page 14 and 15:
Contents xiii 15-4 pH 222 15-5 Acid
Page 16 and 17:
Contents xv Chapter 20 Nuclear Chem
Page 18 and 19:
◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
Page 20 and 21:
◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
Page 22 and 23:
Page 24 and 25:
CHAPTER 1 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
Page 26 and 27:
Chemistry: First Steps 3 compound b
Page 28 and 29:
Chemistry: First Steps 5 exact norm
Page 30 and 31:
Chemistry: First Steps 7 We now nee
Page 32 and 33:
Chemistry: First Steps 9 mathematic
Page 34 and 35:
Chemistry: First Steps 11 we do not
Page 36 and 37:
Chemistry: First Steps 13 19. How m
Page 38 and 39:
CHAPTER 2 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
Page 40 and 41:
Atoms, Ions, and Molecules 17 Caref
Page 42 and 43:
Atoms, Ions, and Molecules 19 table
Page 44 and 45:
Atoms, Ions, and Molecules 21 If a
Page 46 and 47:
Atoms, Ions, and Molecules 23 Once
Page 48 and 49:
Atoms, Ions, and Molecules 25 and n
Page 50 and 51:
Atoms, Ions, and Molecules 27 1. Th
Page 52 and 53:
Atoms, Ions, and Molecules 29 20. N
Page 54 and 55:
CHAPTER 3 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
Page 56 and 57:
Mass, Moles, and Equations 33 Caref
Page 58 and 59:
Mass, Moles, and Equations 35 Quick
Page 60 and 61:
Page 62 and 63:
Page 64 and 65:
Mass, Moles, and Equations 41 Caref
Page 66 and 67:
Mass, Moles, and Equations 43 the b
Page 68 and 69:
Mass, Moles, and Equations 45 7. Th
Page 70 and 71:
Mass, Moles, and Equations 47 17. a
Page 72 and 73:
CHAPTER 4 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
Page 74 and 75:
Aqueous Solutions 51 4-2 Solubility
Page 76 and 77:
Aqueous Solutions 53 Don’t Forget
Page 78 and 79:
Aqueous Solutions 55 Quick Tip Cert
Page 80 and 81:
Aqueous Solutions 57 Quick Tip Quic
Page 82 and 83:
Page 84 and 85:
Page 86 and 87:
Aqueous Solutions 63 Quick Tip Mg(N
Page 88 and 89:
Aqueous Solutions 65 All the separa
Page 90 and 91:
Page 92 and 93:
Aqueous Solutions 69 There will be
Page 94 and 95:
Page 96 and 97:
Page 98 and 99:
Aqueous Solutions 75 The calculatio
Page 100 and 101:
Aqueous Solutions 77 25. The titrat
Page 102 and 103:
CHAPTER 5 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
Page 104 and 105:
Gases 81 Quick Tip Don’t Forget!
Page 106 and 107:
Gases 83 Quick Tip Let’s see how
Page 108 and 109:
Gases 85 Don’t Forget! Quick Tip
Page 110 and 111:
Gases 87 Second, the KMT relates th
Page 112 and 113:
Gases 89 The larger the gas particl
Page 114 and 115:
Gases 91 Note that the mandatory co
Page 116 and 117:
Gases 93 If it was not clear before
Page 118 and 119:
Gases 95 ANSWER KEY 1. PTotal PA
Page 120 and 121:
CHAPTER 6 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
Page 122 and 123:
Thermochemistry 99 Quick Tip Don’
Page 124 and 125:
Thermochemistry 101 Don’t Forget!
Page 126 and 127:
Thermochemistry 103 C2H2(g) (5/2) O
Page 128 and 129:
Thermochemistry 105 Quick Tip Some
Page 130 and 131:
CHAPTER 7 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
Page 132 and 133:
Quantum Theory and Electrons 109 Al
Page 134 and 135:
Quantum Theory and Electrons 111 Th
Page 136 and 137:
Quantum Theory and Electrons 113 Do
Page 138 and 139:
Quantum Theory and Electrons 115 Do
Page 140 and 141:
Quantum Theory and Electrons 117 AN
Page 142 and 143:
CHAPTER 8 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
Page 144 and 145: Periodic Trends 121 8-2 Ionization
Page 146 and 147: Periodic Trends 123 The general tre
Page 148 and 149: Periodic Trends 125 in its ground s
Page 150 and 151: CHAPTER 9 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
Page 152 and 153: Chemical Bonding 129 Quick Tip In S
Page 154 and 155: Chemical Bonding 131 9-3 Ionic Bond
Page 156 and 157: Chemical Bonding 133 Quick Tip Neve
Page 158 and 159: Chemical Bonding 135 Don’t Forget
Page 160 and 161: Chemical Bonding 137 9-6 Bond Energ
Page 162 and 163: Chemical Bonding 139 Quick Tip invo
Page 164 and 165: Chemical Bonding 141 Quick Tip Elem
Page 166 and 167: Chemical Bonding 143 11. a 12. b 13
Page 168 and 169: CHAPTER 10 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
Page 170 and 171: Molecular Geometry and Hybridizatio
Page 180 and 181: CHAPTER 11 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
Page 182 and 183: Intermolecular Forces, Solids and L
Page 196 and 197: Solutions 173 ways of expressing th
Page 198 and 199: Solutions 175 Don’t Forget! Don
Page 200 and 201: Solutions 177 12-3 Colligative Prop
Page 202 and 203: Solutions 179 Just as the freezing
Page 204 and 205: Solutions 181 Don’t Forget! Using
Page 206 and 207: Solutions 183 Quick Tip A molar mas
Page 208 and 209: Solutions 185 3. All methods of num
Page 210 and 211: CHAPTER 13 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
Page 212 and 213: Kinetics 189 4. Physical state of r
Page 214 and 215: Kinetics 191 Don’t Forget! consta
Page 216 and 217: Kinetics 193 Don’t Forget! the co
Page 218 and 219: Kinetics 195 Quick Tip Careful! Rem
Page 220 and 221: Kinetics 197 The decomposition of h
Page 222 and 223: Kinetics 199 reaction is first orde
Page 224 and 225: Kinetics 201 energy of a reaction.
Page 226 and 227: CHAPTER 14 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
Page 228 and 229: Chemical Equilibria 205 Quick Tip D
Page 230 and 231: Chemical Equilibria 207 14-3 Le Ch
Page 232 and 233: Chemical Equilibria 209 Given the f
Page 234 and 235: Chemical Equilibria 211 Careful! Do
Page 236 and 237: Chemical Equilibria 213 Quick Tip F
Page 238 and 239: Chemical Equilibria 215 Quick Tip I
Page 240 and 241: Chemical Equilibria 217 10. Write K
Page 242 and 243: CHAPTER 15 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
Page 244 and 245:
Acids and Bases 221 Don’t Forget!
Page 246 and 247:
Acids and Bases 223 The pH of pure
Page 248 and 249:
Acids and Bases 225 Quick Tip Quick
Page 250 and 251:
Acids and Bases 227 15-7 Lewis Acid
Page 252 and 253:
Acids and Bases 229 We do not have
Page 254 and 255:
Acids and Bases 231 Quick Tip We ne
Page 256 and 257:
Acids and Bases 233 2. Alkali metal
Page 258 and 259:
CHAPTER 16 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
Page 260 and 261:
Buffers and Other Equilibria 237 we
Page 262 and 263:
Buffers and Other Equilibria 239 Do
Page 264 and 265:
Buffers and Other Equilibria 241 16
Page 266 and 267:
Buffers and Other Equilibria 243 Qu
Page 268 and 269:
Buffers and Other Equilibria 245 Qu
Page 270 and 271:
Buffers and Other Equilibria 247 pK
Page 272 and 273:
Buffers and Other Equilibria 249 Th
Page 274 and 275:
CHAPTER 17 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
Page 276 and 277:
Entropy and Free Energy 253 17-2 En
Page 278 and 279:
Entropy and Free Energy 255 17-5 Ut
Page 280 and 281:
Entropy and Free Energy 257 Quick T
Page 282 and 283:
Entropy and Free Energy 259 Be Care
Page 284 and 285:
Entropy and Free Energy 261 Before
Page 286 and 287:
Entropy and Free Energy 263 ANSWER
Page 288 and 289:
CHAPTER 18 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
Page 290 and 291:
Electrochemistry 267 Quick Tip Some
Page 292 and 293:
Electrochemistry 269 Don’t Forget
Page 294 and 295:
Electrochemistry 271 We can use thi
Page 296 and 297:
Electrochemistry 273 do is reverse
Page 298 and 299:
Electrochemistry 275 Don’t Forget
Page 300 and 301:
Electrochemistry 277 Be Careful! Th
Page 302 and 303:
Electrochemistry 279 ANSWER KEY 1.
Page 304 and 305:
CHAPTER 19 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
Page 306 and 307:
Chemistry of the Elements 283 19-2
Page 308 and 309:
Chemistry of the Elements 285 Be Ca
Page 310 and 311:
Chemistry of the Elements 287 Don
Page 312 and 313:
Chemistry of the Elements 289 6. Wh
Page 314 and 315:
CHAPTER 20 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
Page 316 and 317:
Nuclear Chemistry 293 The sum of th
Page 318 and 319:
Nuclear Chemistry 295 Don’t Forge
Page 320 and 321:
Nuclear Chemistry 297 that is not a
Page 322 and 323:
Nuclear Chemistry 299 Don’t Forge
Page 324 and 325:
Nuclear Chemistry 301 t 1/2 (ln 2)
Page 326 and 327:
Nuclear Chemistry 303 1. A typical
Page 328 and 329:
CHAPTER 21 ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
Page 330 and 331:
Organic, Biochemistry, and Polymers
Page 332 and 333:
Page 334 and 335:
Page 336 and 337:
Page 338 and 339:
Page 340 and 341:
Page 342 and 343:
Page 344 and 345:
Page 346 and 347:
Page 348 and 349:
◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
Page 350 and 351:
Index 327 chemical formulas, 19-21
Page 352 and 353:
Index 329 Gibbs free energy (G), 25
Page 354 and 355:
Index 331 octet rule, 128, 135, 140
Page 356 and 357:
Index 333 viscosity, 161 voltaic ce
Page 358 and 359:
◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆
show all

Untitled - Kelly Walsh High School

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?